Menu
Context / TOWARDS A NEW POST-COVID-19 WORLD
Lexicon
| Terms | Definition |
|---|---|
| Alien Generation | This phrase does not refer only to digital natives, who learned to click before learning to read, write and count; it refers to a whole section of the world’s population – young and old – whose mindset naturally leads them towards a freer and more respectful world, a more positive economy, a healthier planet. They naturally activate the levers of sustainable development as well as the blue, positive, solidarity, x.0 economy… IRES, 2018. Strategic Report. Towards Africa’s autonomous development, p. 238. |
| Anthropocene | The term was proposed in 2000 by Josef CRUTZEN and Eugene STORMER to define the current geological epoch, which is characterized by the major and increasing impact of human activities on the earth and the atmosphere, at all levels, including on a global scale. Both researchers consider the end of the 18th century as the starting date of this new era, a period which coincided with the first observations of the impact of human activities on the environment and with the beginning of the industrial revolution.CRUTZEN, Josef; STOERMER, Eugene. The “Anthropocene”, Global Change Newsletter n° 41, 2000, pp. 17–18. |
| Anti-speciesism | This concept is inextricably linked to that of speciesism. It is developed in reference and by analogy to the notions of racism. The term refers to any kind of discrimination based on criteria relating to one’s belonging to a given biological species. CARRIE, Fabien. Anti-speciesism, Encyclopædia Universalis [online], accessed on January 22, 2021: https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/antispecisme/ |
| Automation | Automation, robotization and digitalization are all technological innovations which, given their nature and spread, are profoundly changing the modes of production, consumption and exchange of goods and services, sometimes to the point of disrupting them. Over and beyond the production system, the widespread nature of these innovations is also leading to profound changes in labor relations and social organization. FRANCE STRATEGIE. Conseil d’orientation pour l’emploi. Automation, digitalization and employment, January 2017, p. 192 p: https://www.strategie. gouv.fr/sites/strategie.gouv.fr/files/atoms/files/coe-rapport-tome-1-automatisation-numerisation-emploi-janvier-2017.pdf BECK, Ulrich. La société du risque – Sur la voie d’une autre modernité, Flammarion, p. 521 |
| Biactive couples | Refers to households in which both spouses are working. CUVILLIEZ. Julia (2013), INSEE Administrator, “Couples biactifs un challenge quotidien” in ENSAE ALUMNI https://www.ensae.org/global/gene/link.php?doc_id=1221&fg=1 |
| Blockchain | is a secure, distributed ledger that contains a record of all exchanges since its creation. It is shared among the various users, called nodes, without any third party or central authority. This makes it possible for everyone to access the transactions. Each transaction is recorded within blocks, and each block is linked to the previous one. Block transactions are immutable: in order to change any one of them, it is necessary to modify all the validated blocks. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer system whose reliability, in the absence of a central authority, depends on the number of its users and their willingness to preserve the system. IRES 2019 Strategic Report. The new development model and global systemic issues, 2019/2020, Box 2: The blockchain, p. 36 |
| Burn out | or work-related exhaustion; it is a syndrome resulting from chronic stress at work which has not been properly managed.Cambridge Dictionary https://dictionary.cambridge.org/fr/dictionnaire/anglais/wake-up-call |
| Caremongering | originally, it was a social, media-driven movement to help those affected by COVID-19. It then spread to include any form of organized altruism, thus becoming a kind of antidote to the social repercussions of the pandemic. It is the opposite of scaremongering. GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. Glossary on the COVID-19 pandemic, version of 11 June 2020 https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/publications/covid19-eng.html |
| Click and mortar | refers to a traditional economic actor, usually involved in distribution, who engages in online operations without abandoning face-to-face activity. DIGITAL DEFINITIONS. Digital lexicon, glossaries, illustrated dictionary https://definitions-digital.com/marketing/click-and-mortar |
| Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) | CEPI is a foundation which receives donations from governments, charitable organizations and civil society organizations. It was created to fund independent research projects to develop vaccines against epidemics caused by emerging infectious agents. It is working on the following infectious agents: MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, Nipah virus, Lassa virus, Rift Valley fever virus and chikungunya virus. CEPI statutes provide that its investments should lead to fair and equitable access to the vaccines needed to control the outbreak of pandemics. https://cepi.net/ |
| Collapsology | a recent school of thought that studies the risks of collapse of industrial civilization and what might happen to current human societies. It involves a trans-disciplinary exercise for studying the collapse of our industrial civilization and what could succeed it, based on the two cognitive modes of reason and intuition, and on recognized scientific works. SERVIGNE, Pablo and STEVENS, Raphaël. Comment tout peut s’effondrer : petit manuel de collapsologie à l’usage des générations présentes, Paris, Ed. du Seuil, 2015, p. 301 |
| Commons | They concern new forms of sharing and distribution of the attributes of property rights (in the form of rights of access, use, extraction or exploitation). CORIAT, Benjamin et al. Return of the commons: the crisis of proprietary ideology. Les liens qui libèrent, 2015, p. 297 |
| Convivialism | The art of living together in order to take proper care of Nature and of humans.INTERNATIONAL CONVIVIALISM. The Second Convivialist Manifesto: Towards a Post-Neoliberal World, Actes Sud, February 2020, p. 144 |
| Coronavirus, or Covid-19 | Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of viruses that can cause everything from the common cold to more serious diseases, such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). A new virus of the Coronaviridae family was discovered in the city of Wuhan, China. It was initially called 2019-nCoV and is now referred to as SARS-CoV-2. The disease associated with it is COVID-19. THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), http://www.emro.who.int/fr/health-topics/corona-virus/about-covid-19.html |
| Crisis factor | an existing event or trend whose development could lead to a crisis. PORTAL, Thierry. «Avant-propos», in: Thierry Portal ed., Crises et facteur humain. Les nouvelles frontières mentales des crises. Louvain-la-Neuve, De Boeck Supérieur, «Crisis», 2009, pp. 13-31. DOI: 10.3917/dbu. portal.2009.01.0013. https://www.cairn.info/crises-et-facteur-humain–9782804117849-page-13.htm |
| Deep Learning | is a type of artificial intelligence derived from machine learning, in which the machine is capable of learning by itself, unlike programming, where it simply executes predetermined instructions to the letter. IRES. 2019 Strategic Report. The new development model and global systemic issues, 2019/2020; DELUZARCHE, Céline. Deep Learning: What is it? in Futura Tech https://www.futura-sciences.com/tech/ definitions/intelligence-artificielle-deep-learning-17262/ |
| Deepfake | a type of artificial intelligence (and the resulting video content) used to create convincing image, audio and video fakes. https:// la-rem.eu/2019/11/deepfake/ |
| Deglobalization | a concept developed by Walden BELLO, who believes that neoliberal globalization appeared in the 1980s and damaged the economies of Southern countries, which were based mainly on exports without developing their domestic markets. WALDEN, Bello. Deglobalization, ideas for a New World Economy, Zed Books Ltd; New Updated edition (30June 2004), p. 162 |
| Dematerialization | the replacement of a paper document by an electronic one. CEGID and Esker. White paper : Tout processus métier a sa dématérialisation, quelle est la vôtre ? 2010, p. 47 https://www.celge.fr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/livre_blanc_dematerialisation.pdf |
| Design | an overall plan, with specifications, meant to help achieve a global vision. GUIDOT, Raymond. Histoire du design de 1940 à nos jours, Hazan, 2014, p. 395 |
| Ecomobility | the prefix “eco” can be understood as meaning ecological, economic or economical. Ecomobility is structured along a certain hierarchy, from the most eco-mobile to the least eco-mobile: walking, human-powered vehicles (HPVs such as bicycles and the like, such as velomobiles), public transport and carpooling. Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the Sea http://www.cdu.urbanisme. equipement.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/texte-synthese-ville-mobilite-durables_cle55aca3.pdf |
| Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) | the phrase was first used in 1981 by Antoine VAN AGTMAEL, to refer to “developing countries offering opportunities for investors”. Emerging markets refer to developing countries that are achieving strong economic growth. DELANNOY, Sylvia. Géopolitique des pays émergents : Ils changent le monde, Paris/Grenoble, PUF, 2012, p. 178 |
| Endogenization | in economics, it refers to the action of developing something domestically. WOLDRIDGE, Jeffrey M. Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (Five ed.). Australia: South-Western p. 862 https://economics.ut.ac.ir/documents/3030266/14100645/Jeffrey_M._ Wooldridge_Introductory_Econometrics_A_Modern_Approach__2012.pdf |
| Enoughism | it is a theory which emphasizes less spending and more restrictions on buying. It is the opposite of consumerism. NAISH, John. Enough: Breaking Free of the World of More, Hodder & Stoughton, 2008, p. 289 |
| Epidemics | An epidemic occurs when there is an abnormal increase in the number of cases of an infectious disease, which exists in an endemic state, in a given region or population. THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT SOCIETIES (IFRC): https:// www.ifrc.org/fr/introduction/gestion-de-catastrophes/catastrophes/typologie-des-catastrophes/biological-hazards-epidemics/ |
| Epizootics | an epizootic is a disease that suddenly affects a large number of animals in a given region. It is analogous to an epidemic in humans. ENCYCLOPAEDIA UNIVERSALIS : https://www.universalis.fr/dictionnaire/epizootie/ |
| ESG Scores | ESG criteria (Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance) were introduced by John ELKINGTON. They refer to the three main dimensions to be taken into account in evaluating a company to measure its sustainability and its socially responsible management with respect to the environment and its stakeholders (employees, partners, subcontractors and customers). ELKINGTON, John. Cannibals With Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business. Journal of Business Ethics 23, 229-231 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006129603978 |
| Existential risk | A risk whose unfavorable outcome would either extinguish Earth-originating intelligent life or cause the permanent and drastic destruction of its potential.” BOSTROM, Nick. Existential Risks, Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-30. |
| Food belt | a process that consists in revitalizing the local economy around cities and, in particular, developing local food chains for sustainable or even organic agriculture at fair prices. POUR LA SOLIDARITE. Les ceintures alimentaires, une ambition à la fois économique et politique, 4 June 2018 |
| Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) | It is an investment made by a resident entity of one economy with a view to obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise that is resident in another economy. OECD (2011), “FDI Flows and Stocks,”, OECD Factbook 2010: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/factbook-2010-28-fr |
| Fossil fuels | oil, gas and coal. These energy types are derived from rocks formed by the remains of plants fossilized over millions of years. Their combustion generates large quantities of carbon in the form of CO2 emissions. FOSSIL ENERGIES. http://www.energiefossile.com/ |
| Freelancing | describes self-employed workers who do not necessarily have a business, a fixed asset license or a license to practice a regulated profession. They are generally highly skilled workers: consultants, designers or computer developers who choose to be self-employed, without hiring others. OUISHARE. Study on freelancing in France 2017, Freelances et fières de l’être : Portrait d’une nouvelle catégorie de travailleurs, 2017, p. 27 |
| GAFAM | The acronym GAFAM refers to four of the most powerful internet companies in the world, namely Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon. These firms wield considerable economic and financial power. GAFA represent the economy of the beginning of the 21st century and embody the passage to the digital era. IRES. 2019 Strategic Report. The new development model and global systemic issues, 2019/2020; Le dico du commerce international |
| GIG economy: | means, literally, the economy of small jobs or tasks. It is a free market system in which people work in temporary jobs and perform separate tasks. In this system, businesses hire independent workers for short-term tasks. IRES. 2019 Strategic Report. The New Development Model and Global Systemic Issues, 2019/2020. CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY: https://dictionary.cambridge.org; https://dictionary.cambridge.org/fr/dictionnaire/anglais/gigeconomy |
| Global cities | The phrase was introduced by the American sociologist and economist Saskia SASSEN (1991) (“villes mondiales” in French). This term refers to metropolitan areas at the top level of the urban hierarchy on a global scale. These are places where the main corporate powers and the global economy are concentrated. SASSEN, Saskia. The Global city: New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton University press, 1991, republished in 2001 (translated into French in 1996 by La découverte). |
| Globalization | A process of market integration resulting from the liberalization of trade, greater competition and the impact of information and communication technology on a planetary scale. Globalization could be defined as the extension on a global scale of issues that were previously limited to regions or nations. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Glossary: https://wayback.archive-it. org/10611/20171122225139/http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/globalisation/ |
| Great Lockdown | The term was used on 14 April 2020 by Gita GOPINATH, economist at the International Monetary Fund, to describe the coronavirus crisis in a way that is similar to the “Great Depression” of the 1930s and the great recession of the 2010s (6). INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND: https://www.imf.org/fr/News/Articles/2020/04/14/blog-weo-the-great-lockdown-worst-economic-downturn-since-the-great-depression |
| Greenwashing | is a commercial practice that consists in using environmental arguments, often to sell products that are not environment-friendly, in order to give a misleading image of being environmentally responsible. FUTURA PLANETE. Greenwashing: https://www.futura-sciences.com/ planete/definitions/developpement-durable-greenwashing-6026/ |
| Herd immunity | The percentage of a given population that needs to be immune/protected against an infection at which an infected individual introduced into that population would transmit the pathogen to fewer than one person on average, effectively putting an end to the epidemic as the pathogen encounters protected individuals. Herd immunity can be achieved by natural infection or vaccination. INSTITUT PASTEUR: https://www. pasteur.fr/fr/espace-presse/documents-presse/qu-est-ce-que-immunite-collective |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | A composite index calculated each year by the United Nations Development Program to assess the level of a country’s development based not on strictly economic data, but on the quality of life of the citizens. The HDI is based on three factors: life expectancy, education level and gross national income per capita. FRENCH REPUBLIC. Vie publique: Qu’est-ce que l’indice de développement humain et autres indices ? https://www.vie-publique.fr/fiches/274930-quest-ce-que-lindice-de-developpement-humain-idh-et-autres-indices |
| Hyperglobalization | According to Arvind SUBRAMANIAN and Martin KESSLER, the world economy has entered an era of “hyperglobalization”. Between 1980 and 2011, the volume of goods traded on a global scale increased fourfold, with world trade growing almost twice as fast as production each year. SUBRAMANJAN, Arvind and KESSLER. Martin, The Hyperglobalization of Trade and its Future (July 24, 2013). Peterson Institute for International Economics Working Paper No. 13-6, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2297994 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2297994 |
| Infodemic | An overabundance of information, both online and offline. It is characterized by deliberate attempts to spread misinformation in order to undermine public health response and promote the goals of certain groups or individuals. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: promoting healthy behavior and mitigating the harmful effects of false or misleading information https://www.who.int/ fr/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-anddisinformation |
| Informal sector | A sector which is broadly characterized as comprising production units that operate on a small scale and at a low level of organization, with little or no division between labour and capital as factors of production, and with the primary objective of generating income and employment for the persons concerned; operationally, the sector is defined on a country specific basis as the set of unincorporated enterprises owned by households which produce at least some products for the market but which either have less than a specified number of employees and/or are not registered under national legislation referring, for example, to tax or social security obligations, or regulatory acts. OECD, The System of National Accounts, 1993 – Glossary, 2000. |
| Learning crisis | Significant gaps in the quality and quantity of schooling. WORLD BANK GROUP. World development Report 2018, learning to realize education’s promise, p. 239 https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/09/26/world-bank-warns-of-learning-crisis-in-global-education |
| Learning poverty | The inability to read and understand a simple text by age 10. WORLD BANK GROUP. Learning Poverty, October 15, 2019: https://www. worldbank.org/en/topic/education/brief/learning-poverty#:~:text=%20Learning%20Poverty%20%201%20%C2%B7%20A%20literacy,gaps%20and%20 continued%20action-oriented%20research%20and…%20More%20 |
| Low-tech | A heterogeneous set of techniques, uses and alternative, local and participatory modes of operation, based on saving resources. DIVAL, Denis & TASTEVIN, Philippe. Low tech ? Wild tech!”, Editions de l’EHESS, 2017, p. 285 |
| Machine learning | A branch of artificial intelligence using algorithms in which the process is equipped with a learning system. BACHELOT, B. B. Glossaires, Environnement digital, Technologies digitales, in Défintions marketing, 2019 : https://www.definitions-marketing.com/definition/machinelearning/#:~:text=Machine%20learning.%20%C3%89written%20by%20B.%20Bathelot%2C%20on%2022%2F12%2F2019.,which%20the%20 process%20is%20dot%C3%A9%20d%27a%20syst%C3%A8me%20d%27 learning |
| Major global risk | The phrase was introduced by several authors at the end of the 20th century. In 2008, it was spelled out by the philosopher Nick BOSTROM. It is a risk of major intensity affecting a significant part of humanity. BECK, Ulrich. Risk Society – Towards a New Modernity, Flammarion, p. 521 |
| Microgrids | These are communicating, interactive and smart electrical networks. This new generation of networks aims to produce and store energy locally. Microgrids contribute to the energy transition, providing practical and accessible solutions to improve electric power reliability, supply resilience, access to energy, energy independence, green and reliable energy, energy cost optimization, energy flexibility and the ability to participate in network service programs. BOUTIN, Véronique et al. Microgrids : comment contribuent-ils à la transition énergétique? In Encyclopedia of Energy, May 28, 2018 https:// www.encyclopedie-energie.org/microgrids-comment-contribuent-ils-a-la-transition-energetique/ |
| MRO | An acronym that stands for maintenance, repair and operations. It is used to describe the series of operations and activities associated with the maintenance of a plant or facility that may include the physical maintenance of the structure or building. It refers to the equipment that an organization uses to create an end product. Source: CAREY, Helen. What is MRO and What Does it Stand For? A Brief Guide to Maintenance, Repair, and Operations , In THOMAS FOR INDUSTRY : https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/plant-facility-equipment/what-is-mro/ |
| Natural Language Processing (NLP) | A technology which allows machines to understand human language through artificial intelligence. BASTIEN, L. Traitement naturel du langage : tout savoir sur le Natural Language Processing, In Le BigData.fr, 2 August 2019 : https://www.lebigdata.fr/ traitement-naturel-du-langage-nlp-definition |
| Neoliberal | The neoliberal doctrine advocates a reduced role of the State and the development of the market in all areas. It asserts the supremacy of the economy and the market over human values. Competitiveness and profitability are the key words of the current thinking. Neoliberalism determines not just the economy, but also all social activities, to the point of becoming “a certain existential norm in western societies (…). This norm enjoins everyone to live in a world of generalized competition (…); it even transforms the individual, now called on to conceive and conduct him- or herself as an enterprise”. ARDOT, Pierre; LAVAL Christian. La nouvelle raison du monde : Essai sur la société néolibérale, La Découverte Poche / Sciences humaines et sociales n°325, 2010, p. 504 |
| Neo-nomadism | The regular movement, for short periods of time, of populations or individuals who have a fixed place of residence, but who, voluntarily or involuntarily, practice significant mobility, between several cities, regions or countries. For the neo-nomad, travel is an extension of his or her habitat: The neo-nomad is equipped with tools and means to feel “at home” even while traveling. ABBAS, Yasmine. Le néo-nomadisme : mobilités, partage, transformations identitaires et urbaines, Paris : FYP Editions, 2011, p. 144 |
| Neuromorphic computing | A computer whose components emulate the functions of the human brain. FULTON, Scott. Qu’est-ce que l’ingénierie neuromorphique et pourquoi elle déclenche une révolution (What is neuromorphic engineering and why is it sparking a revolution), 11 February 2019: https://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/qu-est-ce-que-l-ingenierie-neuromorphique-et-pourquoi-elle-declenche-une-revolution-39880479.htm |
| Nexus | A complex set of inter-related elements. THE FRENCH ENCYCLOPEDIA. Nexus : https://www.encyclopedie.fr/definition/nexus |
| Nolife | An Anglo-Saxon term referring to individuals whose time spent on professional and/or personal activities is greater than the time spent interacting with other people. In the 2000s, with the development of virtual worlds such as Second Life, Nolife referred to people who were cut off from the outside world and who spent more than 12 hours a day in virtual worlds through an avatar, rather than in “real” life. E-MARKETING GLOSSARY: https://www.e-marketing.fr/Definitions-Glossaire/nolife-242594.htm |
| Planetary health | A concept developed by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Lancet, following a call by the British scientific journal, the Lancet, to initiate a movement for planetary health whose objective is to transform the field of public health. In this regard, the Rockefeller Foundation, together with the Lancet, created the Rockefeller Foundation – Lancet Commission on planetary health. The concept of planetary health consists in seeking innovative solutions that promote global human sustainability and environmental sustainability by mobilizing all sectors of the economy, energy, agriculture, water and health. The concept of global health was declared in 2015 by Judith Rodin, President of the Rockefeller Foundation, as a new discipline of global health. WHITMEE Sarah; HAINES Andy et al. Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on planetary health, in THE LANCET,15 July 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(15)60901-1 Horton, Richard et all “From public to planetary health: a manifesto,” The Lancet, vol. 383, no. 9920, March 6, 2014, p. 847, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60409-8 RODIN, Judith. Planetary Health: A New Discipline in Global Health, July 16, 2015: https:// www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/planetary-health-a-new-discipline-in-global-health/ |
| Planetization | The combination of the local and the global as part of a new “glocalization” process. It consists in reconciling the interests of humanity and those of the planet (biosphere) thanks to an awareness of the vital interdependence between them. IRES. Strategic Report 2019. The new development model and global systemic issues, 2019/2020 |
| Predictive analytics | It refers to a series of analytical and statistical techniques for predicting future actions or behavior. GUTIERRE. Daniel D, Inside BIGDATA Guide to Predictive Analytics, inside big data, p.11 https://www.celge.fr/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/guide-analyse-prédictive.pdf |
| Prosumer | The term was first used by the sociologist Alvin TOFFLER. It refers to a person who both consumes and produces. TOFFLET, Alvin. The Third Wave, New York, William Morrow, 1980, p. 544 |
| Quantitative easing | A phrase used to describe a particular monetary policy instrument available to central banks to impact the cost of credit and thus influence inflation and growth. In addition to the traditional (so-called conventional) tools, central banks can change the quantity of money in circulation by using “unconventional” means. Quantitative easing is one of these tools, through which they massively buy assets from banks. BANQUE DE FRANCE. ABC de l’économie, Quantitative easing: https://abc-economie.banque-france.fr/quantitative-easing; TISCHER, Johannes. Quantitative easing, portfolio rebalancing and credit growth: micro evidence from Germany, In Deutsche Bundesbank No 20/2018, p. 56: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstre am/10419/180673/1/1027069444.pdf |
| Risk | An event that could possibly occur. BECK, Ulrich. Risk Society – Towards a New Modernity. Flammarion, p. 521 |
| Risk mapping | A dynamic process of risk identification and assessment that provides a synthetic and visual representation of risks. As such, it is a tool for highlighting the risks to be addressed on a priority basis. INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DE L’AUDIT ET DU CONTROLE INTERNE (IFACI). De la cartographie des risques au plan d’audit, Paris, 2013, p. 71 https://www.transition-europe.eu/fr/event/les-ceintures-alimentaires-une-ambition-la-fois-economique-etpolitique |
| Rogue states | According to Antony LAKE, these are states that attempt to acquire weapons of mass destruction, support terrorist groups, abuse their population or behave inappropriately in international relations. BONIFACE, Pascal. “Qui sont les « Etats voyous ? ». Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques (IRIS), 22 September 2017, https://www.iris-france.org/99203-qui-sont-les-etats-voyous/ |
| Shared economy or sharing economy | This form of economy emphasizes the sharing of underutilized assets – whether monetized or not – to improve efficiency and sustainability while contributing to community building. IRES. 2019 Strategic Report. The new development model and global systemic issues, 2019/2020; WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM. What is the sharing economy?” 21 December. 2017https://fr.weforum.org/agenda/2017/12/qu-estce-que-leconomie-du-partage |
| Slowbalization | The continued integration of the world economy through trade and financial flows, but at a much slower pace than the globalization witnessed in the pre-2010s. FEFFER, John. Slowbalization: Will the slowing global economy be a boon or bane? in Business standard, Special on Coronavirus, August 21, 2019: https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/slowbalisation-will-the-slowing-global-economy-be-a-boon-orbane-119082100206_1.html |
| Smart city | A ‘smart city’ is a data-driven city. In this sense, “big data” is the essential tool that enables the emergence of true smart cities, structured by proper knowledge of the city updated in real time and a form of permanent ubiquity. The smart city is, above all, a digital city, but also one that makes it possible to combine digital technology and the environment. Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre – Urbanisation Culture Société. LA VILLE INTELLIGENTE Origine, définitions, forces et limites d’une expression polysémique, January 2017, p. 37 http://espace.inrs. ca/id/eprint/4917/1/Rapport-LaVilleIntelligente.pdf |
| Smart power | an approach which emphasizes the need for a strong military, but also for alliances, partnerships, and institutions at all levels to expand American influence and establish the legitimacy of American power.CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES. CSIS Commission on Smart Power, A Smarter, More Secure America, 2007, p. 79 https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/ csis/pubs/071106_csissmartpowerreport.pdf |
| Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) | It refers to the economic and social activities organized within the framework of formal, independent structures or groupings of natural or legal persons that have autonomous, democratic and participatory management and that pursue collective and societal purposes. ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL (EESC). “The Social and Solidarity Economy: a lever for inclusive growth”, 2015, p. 129 http://www.cese.ma/Pages/Auto-saisines/AS-19-2015-economie-sociale-et-solidaire.aspx |
| Soft mobility | The expression first appeared when the debate on travel focused on the nuisances generated for city dwellers – soft mobility referring to the means that minimize these nuisances. They refer primarily to non-motorized mobility. DEMANDE, Julien. Mobilité : active, douce, alternative ou durable, 2018 halshs-02274128: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs02274128/document |
| Soft power | The ability of a state to obtain what it wants from another state without the latter realizing it (Joseph NYE). It refers to a state’s ability to influence and exert attraction. NYE. Joseph, “The Future of Power,” Public Affairs, 2011; p. 320 |
| Subsidiarity | A principle which was introduced into European law by the Maastricht Treaty (1992) and which was enshrined in the Lisbon Treaty (2007) as a fundamental tenet of the European Union, alongside the principles of conferral and proportionality (Article 5). It was designed to bring decisionmaking centers closer to citizens and avoid the remoteness of the centers of power. DESSOL, Chantal Million. L’Etat subsidiaire. Ingérence et noningérence de l’Etat : le principe de subsidiarité aux fondements de l’histoire européenne, L’Harmattan, Paris, PUF, 2010, p. 2 |
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | The unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old. MayoClinic.org: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800 |
| Survivalism | Survivalists embrace a culture of anticipation, which is a very contemporary notion. Survivalism is characterized by the anticipation of things that have not happened yet and preparing for the possibility of a catastrophe related to either global warming or the outbreak of a global pandemic. VIDAL, Bertrand. Survivalisme, êtes-vous prêt pour la fin du monde? Edition Arkhé, 2019, p. 192 |
| Technology readiness | Method for estimating the maturity of a technology with a view to introducing it in the market. CHERY, Isabelle. Technology Readiness ou maturité technologique: qu’est-ce c’est? 2019: https://www.getinlabs.fr/blog/technology-readiness-ou-maturite-technologique-quest-ce#:~:text |
| Telemigrant | A skilled freelancer in a Southern country who is able to compete with skilled employees in the North. The term was first used in the book The Globotics Upheaval. BALDWIN, Richard. The Globotics Upheaval, W&N, 2019, p. 304 |
| Tocqueville’s paradox | Although the situation is improving (freedom, income, greater life expectancy, …), there is a growing dissatisfaction, and the gap with an ideal world is seen as an intolerable thing. TOCQUEVILLE. Alexis, De la démocratie en Amérique, Editions Flammarion, 2010, p. 301 |
| Triple Bottom Line | An accounting framework which incorporates three dimensions of performance: social, environmental, and financial (people, planet, and profit) into a company’s balance sheet. ELKINGTON, John. Enter the Triple Bottom Line: https://johnelkington.com/archive/TBL-elkington-chapter.pdf |
| Ubuntu | A Bantu concept which can be summarized as meaning “I am a human being by and for others”, thus emphasizing what constitutes Humanity – a common quality of which everyone should be aware. Seen from this perspective, Ubuntu is common to all religions that advocate love for one’s neighbor. It brings together all cultures, from Asia to the West via the East, around the fundamental aspiration of recognizing humanity as a means of sharing and benevolence. IRES. Strategic Report 2018. Towards Africa’s autonomous development, 2018. |
| United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) | They constitute a global call to action to eradicate poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people live in peace and prosperity. UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT AGENDA. What are the Sustainable Development Goals? https://www.undp.org/ content/undp/fr/home/sustainable-development-goals.html |
| Urban command functions | They include, for instance, company headquarters, national or international public facilities such as opera houses, airports, and financial activities, which are generally concentrated within large cities. PanthEon Sorbonne. Petit lexique de l’urbain https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/ IMG/pdf/urbain.pdf |
| Veganism | Donald WATSON coined the term “vegan” in 1944 from the English word vegetarian. He defines it as “a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude – as far as is possible and practicable – all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, (veganism) promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of humans, animals, and the environment”. A VEGAN WORLD. What is “veganism”? : http://www.veganisme.fr/index.html THE VEGAN SOCIETY : https://www.vegansociety.com/about-us/history |
| Virtual mobility | A range of technology-driven activities that are aimed at facilitating or carrying out international collaborative experiences in a teaching/ learning context. EuroApprenticeship. Mobility of learners in Europe, virtual mobility: http://www.euroapprenticeship.eu/fr/la-mobilite-virtuelle.html |
| Voice of society | A viewpoint shared by individuals in a community that seeks outcomes acceptable to all, advocating fair, equitable representation and respect for ethical values. PANETTA, Kasey. DNA storage, factory and farm automation and freelance customer service drive predictions for the foreseeable future. In Gartner Top 10 Strategic Predictions for 2021 and Beyond, October 21, 2020: https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-top-10- strategic-predictions-for-2021-and-beyond |
| Wake up call | Something, similar to an alarm, which alerts people that they must take action to change a situation. WORLD BANK GROUP. Learning Poverty, 15 October 2019: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/brief/learning-poverty#:~:text=%20Learning%20Poverty%20%201%20 %C2%B7%20A%20literacy,gaps%20and%20continued%20action-oriented%20research%20and…%20More%20 |
| Welfare state | “The notion of “welfare state” refers to all state interventions and measures in the social field which aim at guaranteeing a minimum level of wellbeing to the entire population, in particular through an comprehensive system of social protection. FRENCH REPUBLIC. Public life: The Welfare State https://www.vie-publique.fr/parole-dexpert/262512-letat-providence |
| Zoonotic diseases | A group of infectious diseases naturally transmitted between animals and humans. The greatest risk for zoonotic disease transmission occurs at the human-animal interface through direct or indirect human exposure to animals, their products (e.g. meat, milk, eggs..) and/or their environment. THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): https://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/zoonose/fr/ |