IRES Intelligence Platform (IIP)

IRES Intelligence Platform (IIP)

ANNUAL SURVEY PAPER 2024

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Table of contents

CLOUD COMPUTING

  • 09/10/2023

Cloud computing refers to the use of networks of interconnected remote servers, generally accessible via the Internet, to store, manage and process data 1.

Cloud Computing is an essential component of IT in today’s digital age, particularly with the rise of Big Data. Indeed, the volume of digital data created or replicated worldwide has increased by a factor of 30+, from 2 zettabytes (or one billion terabytes) in 2010 to 64 zettabytes in 2020 2.

In less than a decade, Cloud Computing revenues grew considerably worldwide, from $145 billion in 2017 to $561 billion in 2023, a jump of over 200%. Revenues are expected to hit $1,266 billion by 2028 3.

In 2023, North America alone accounted for 40% of the global cloud computing market 4. Asia, however, leads the way in the adoption of Cloud Computing solutions 5. In 2022, the Global Cloud Ecosystem Index ranked Singapore as the world’s fastest-growing cloud-based economy 6.

Cloud Computing is both an opportunity for IT companies to build resources, and a challenge in terms of digital sovereignty and data protection.

The industrial value of remote data center installations in Morocco grew 33%, from $93.5 million in 2018 to $124.6 million in 2023. The figure for 2033 is projected at $259.9 million7. The Kingdom should capitalize on this emerging trend and promote the Cloud as part of its new 2030 Digital strategy 8.

While replacing physical servers with virtual ones offers advantages, notably improved IT performance, it is also essential to strengthen the role of the National Commission for the Supervision of Personal Data Protection (CNDP) in raising awareness, monitoring and ensuring compliance of virtually stored data processing processes with the requirements of Law 09-08.

DIGITAL COLONIZATION

  • 30/09/2024

Digital colonization refers to one country exerting control over another’s sovereignty (political, economic or social) through digital means (networks, connections, etc.) 9.

According to French Senate report “L’Union européenne, colonie du monde numérique?“, digital colonialism is defined by the fact that a country can no longer control its digital data, thereby exposing itself to dominance and perhaps even digital underdevelopment.

The United States and China are the world’s two digital powerhouses. GAFAM are the armed wing of North American “digital colonialism” 10. Similarly, China asserts its digital power through BATX 11.

These digital giants built business models centered on the harvesting of personal data to accumulate capital and monitor populations at the same time, in order to extend their digital influence around the world 12.

The social networks owned by these companies are also tools of influence, providing digital public spaces that shape public debate, spread misinformation, exacerbate manipulation, drive boycotts and contribute to dismantling the value generated by traditional media 13.

Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to digital colonialism. According to the World Bank, sub-Saharan Africa faces major digital challenges, stemming from poor connectivity and insufficient digital infrastructure, a lack of skilled manpower and inadequate public policies and legislative frameworks, all of which are likely to impede its sovereign digital development and drive the region to source digital content from outside 14.

A number of national digital strategies have already been implemented in Morocco: e-2010, Maroc Numérique 2013, Maroc digital 2020, etc 15. Despite digital advances, gaps remain in digital infrastructure and regulation.

Alongside implementing the 2030 digital strategy, and to secure an independent national digital space, the Kingdom needs to adopt a comprehensive digital policy comprising a multi-pronged approach.

At the structural level, this requires massive investment in digital infrastructure and future technology 16.

National cyber-security policy should be further enhanced, to secure networks by investing in advanced technological cyber-security tools 17, and thus boost digital user confidence.

At the legislative level, ensuring that the digital space protects rights and freedoms, and notably personal data, is a sound course of action.

To this end, the National Commission for the Supervision of Personal Data Protection’s prerogatives should be enhanced via consolidated legal, administrative and technical mechanisms, inspired by similar bodies elsewhere in the world 18, enabling the institution to protect Moroccan citizen data more effectively and, consequently, contribute to the Kingdom’s digital independence 19.

Finally, with regard to continental cooperation, the feasibility of creating regional data centers in partnership with African countries ought to be explored, to protect the interests of digital users in Africa and the continent’s cyberspace.

E-COMMERCE

  • 30/09/2024

E-commerce or electronic commerce encompasses all commercial transactions carried out remotely via electronic interfaces 20.

This new selling channel has come into its own primarily as a result of the near-ubiquitous global availability of the Internet. According to the International Telecommunication Union, 66% of the world’s population used the Internet in 2022, up from just 16% in 2005 21.

E-commerce transactions amounted to $5,800 billion in 2023 22, i.e. 6% of global GDP 23. Asia leads the ranking of global e-commerce markets, with total revenues of nearly $1,700 billion, some $800 million ahead of e-commerce revenues in the USA 24.

Asia’s top position goes to China, with revenues of over $935 billion in 2023 25. Australia, Oceania and Africa, on the other hand, achieved far lower revenues, under $40 billion 26.

This surge in e-commerce is associated with the proliferation of social networking platforms, spurring the emergence of influencer marketing, i.e. harnessing the recommendation power of influencers* and digital content creators for commercial purposes, to target the millions of Internet users who seek product inspiration and advice on a daily basis.

In less than a decade, influencer marketing revenues grew exponentially worldwide, from $1.7 billion in 2016 to $21.1 billion in 2023, i.e. an increase of 1141% 27.

E-commerce has established itself as an effective alternative means of developing sales both at home and abroad. Promoting e-commerce means expanding market size and generating employment opportunities for young graduates.

Morocco too has seen a boom in e-commerce. According to the Centre Monétique Interbancaire, e-commerce online payment transactions using bankcards went from 1.67 million for a value of 910.8 million dirhams in 2013 28, to 28.1 million for a value of 9.6 billion dirhams in 2022 29, i.e. a 954% increase.

The Kingdom stands to capitalize on this emerging trend by promoting e-commerce among its youth, notably through investment in digital education, support programs for entrepreneurs seeking to start an online business, and fostering digital inclusion. This would generate more wealth, create additional jobs and absorb a portion of the informal sector into the national economy.

GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

  • 30/09/2024

Generative Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Artificial Intelligence that enables computers to create images, texts, photos and videos autonomously, whereas “traditional” Artificial Intelligence simply analyzes data to make predictions 30.

Generative models have been used to analyze numbers since the 1950s 31. In an increasingly interconnected world, the abundance of data and the power of computers and algorithms have accelerated the development of Generative Artificial Intelligence.

The emergence of this disruptive technology was signaled by the 2014 release of the Generative Adversarial Network 32 en 2014, which enables machines to generate content without human intervention. This breakthrough paved the way for Large Language Models (LLMs), which draw on a vast data set to generate text in human language.

A prime example of LLM is GPT-1, created in 2018, followed by the improved version ChatGPT in 2022. Both were developed by US firm Open AI. Other firms have since followed in ChatGPT’s footsteps, including Llama by Meta (2023), Gemini by Google (2023), etc. McKinsey calculates the annual value of this industry at $6,100 to $7,900 billion 33.

Generative Artificial Intelligence offers a wide range of applications, from chatbots * for customer assistance to personalized digital content creation. In education, it paves new avenues for pedagogical innovation.

The adoption of Generative Artificial Intelligence raises significant challenges. In addition to the risk of job destruction, it exposes users to threats such as misinformation and invasion of privacy. Moreover, algorithmic biases and imperfect models lead to the propagation of false information.

Regulatory frameworks, such as the “EU AI Act” and the “US Executive AI Act”, as well as the “UN AI Task Force”, co-sponsored by the USA and Morocco, are essential to regulate this technology and control its impact.

Morocco recognized the importance of Generative Artificial Intelligence very early on, setting up initiatives to promote its development, notably research centers, public-private partnerships and educational programs.

With this in mind, the Kingdom intends to “develop a Generative Artificial Intelligence system compatible with its own specific needs” 34, in collaboration with US firm “Open AI”. This initiative deserves a genuine national strategy for Generative Artificial Intelligence.

GREEN JOBS

  • 30/09/2024

Green jobs are jobs that help preserve the environment, whether in traditional sectors such as manufacturing and construction, or in new emerging sectors such as renewable energies 35.

These forms of employment today offer practical initiatives, on a global scale, to adapt to the effects of climate change, boost energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, minimize waste and pollution, while actively working to preserve and restore ecosystems 36.

According to the International Renewable Energy Agency, the number of people working in renewable energies worldwide has risen from 7.3 million in 2012 to 13.7 million in 2022, an 88% growth over a decade 37.

Nearly two-thirds of these jobs are in Asia, with China alone accounting for 41% of the global total. These are mainly jobs in the solar photovoltaic, bioenergy, hydroelectric and wind power industries.38.

At the Dubai Climate Summit (COP28), over 100 countries agreed to triple their renewable energy capacity by 2030 39, which should significantly expand green jobs. IRENA, for one, forecasts that the number of jobs in renewable energies could reach 38.2 million by 2030 40.

The substantial job creation potential of green jobs offers real opportunities for reducing unemployment and successfully completing the energy transition through clean energy production and consumption.

Morocco, which in 2009 introduced a new energy model based on energy efficiency, aspires to cut energy consumption by 20% by 2030 and increase the share of renewable energies in national electricity production to 52% 41.

Concurrently, the country drew up its Low Carbon Strategy 2050 42 in 2020. Successful implementation of this strategy should generate green employment, underscoring the value of investing in green skills training and adapting the labor market accordingly.

At the same time, the Kingdom should make innovation a core factor in the success of its energy transition, by promoting initiatives such as the “Accelerator of Green Growth and Jobs” project 43, initiated in 2023. 

This project seeks to spark creativity in green technologies, so as to foster an equitable green economy that generates wealth and jobs for young people.

STREAMING (VIDEO GAMES, PODCASTS, ...)

  • 30/09/2024

Streaming is the activity of consuming multimedia content (entertainment, games, news, etc.) online, deferred or live, via internet platforms (YouTube, Netflix, Spotify, etc.).

Streaming audiovisual content was born in the 1990s, following the creation of the Internet in 1983. It began in 2005 with YouTube, which paved the way for other platforms in the following years: Spotify (2006), Netflix (2007), Hulu (2007), Amazon Prime (2016), Disney+ (2019), Paramount+ (2021), etc.

The digital revolution has changed the way users consume media, displacing traditional channels (television, radio, etc.). Streaming audiovisual content (film, music, television via the Internet) has grown exponentially as a result of the widespread availability of high-speed Internet networks and the proliferation of screens.

S&P Global reports that revenues generated by the multimedia streaming industry44 in the United States rose from $2 billion in 2010 to over $80 billion in 2023 45. Furthermore, while 76% of Americans reported watching television via cable or satellite in 2015, the figure has dropped to 56% in 2021, according to a Pew Research Center study 46.

This emerging trend is also evident in video games. The share of users in the UK reporting that they stream or download video games grew from 3% in 2013 to 32% in 2018 47. Streaming also has a strong impact on the music industry: the share of music revenues derived from streaming grew from 29% in 2011 48 to 63.3% in 2023 49.

Custom Market Insights forecasts streaming industry revenues to exceed $256 billion in 2032, up from nearly $60 billion in 2023 50.

Streaming is advancing by leaps and bounds, generating ever-increasing resources for industrial firms operating in this field. Regulating and taxing this new sector are major challenges.

In Morocco, the streaming industry continues to grow exponentially. Overall streaming audiences have overtaken television audiences since 2021 (53% vs. 41%) 51. A number of Moroccan streaming companies have been set up to meet this growing demand.

Recognizing the exponential growth of this industry, the Direction Générale des Impôts, through Article 115 bis of the 2024 Finance Law requires “non-resident distance service providers” to “register via the electronic platform specifically dedicated to this purpose and obtain a tax identifier” to pay relevant taxes 52. Other similar initiatives should be encouraged to regulate this emerging sector in Morocco.

REFERENCES

  1. Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés en France. (2024), Définition du Cloud Computing. Consulté le 12/06/2024 sur : https://www.cnil.fr/fr/definition/cloud-computing
  2. Statista. (2021), Tristan gaudiaut. Données numériques. "Le Big Bang du Big Data". https://fr.statista.com/infographie/17800/big-data-evolution-volume-donnees-numeriques-genere-dans-le-monde/
  3. Portail "MARKETS and MARKETS". (2023), article "CLOUD COMPUTING MARKET BY SERVICE MODEL (Iaas, PaaS, SaaS), Deployment Model (Public Cloud, Private Cloud, Hybrid Cloud), Organization Size, Vertical (BFSI, Telecommunications, Manufacturing, Retail & Consumer Goods) and Region - Global Forecast to 2028. https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/cloud-computing-market-234.html
  4. Market Analysis Report. (2022), Cloud Computing Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Service (Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service), By Deployment, By Workload, By Enterprise Size, By End-use, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2024 - 2030. Regional Insights. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/cloud-computing-industry
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  6. MIT TECHNOLOGY & INFOSYS COBALT. The global cloud ecosystem index 2022. (2022). https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/MITTR-INFOSYS Cloud_Reort_FNL.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1LgGMak430HwmgV6C0qmXM_J6iTe3tg2eO9EZpa8rdIGhL7LuBXTu19sE.
  7. Futur Markets Insights. (2023), "Trends, Growth and Opportunity Analysis of Data Center Facility in Morocco". https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/trends-growth-and-opportunity-analysis-of-data-center-facility-in-morocco
  8. Portail gouvernemental “maroc.ma ’’. (2024), “La stratégie nationale de transition numérique 2030 vise à ériger le digital en levier du développement socioéconomique ’’.
  9. Au XIXème siècle, les nations européennes ont mis en œuvre la colonisation en utilisant trois méthodes de contrôle : politique, économique et social. Sur le plan politique, la puissance colonisatrice mettait en place des élites et des institutions complaisantes. Sur le plan économique, les colons exploitaient les ressources naturelles des pays qu'ils contrôlaient, comme le pétrole, les métaux précieux et le sucre. Sur le plan social, l'Europe mettait en place des "missions civilisatrices" pour diffuser son idéologie parmi les peuples colonisés.
  10. Anderson Christine (2021). Influence of the five biggest US tech companies (GAFAM) on people in European Member States [En ligne] // European Parliament. Consulté le 02 Octobre 2024 sur : https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2021000153_EN.html#def1.
  11. Faster Capital (2024). Article "How China's Tech Titans are Dominating the Market" consulté le 02 octobre 2024 sur : https://fastercapital.com/content/BATX-Stocks--How-China-s-Tech-Titans-are-Dominating-the-Market.html.
  12. Coleman, D. (2018). Digital colonialism: The 21st century scramble for Africa through the extraction and control of user data and the limitations of data protection laws. Mich. J. Race & L., 24, 417. https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol24/iss2/6
  13. IRES. IRES."FORUM" 2020 Actes des rencontres organisées par l'IRES [Online]. - https://www.ires.ma/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/IRES_FORUM_2020.pdf#page=21
  14. The World Bank. (2024), Digital Tranformation Drives Development in Africa. Article https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2024/01/18/digital-transformation-drives-development-in-afe-afw-africa
  15. IRES (2022). Conférence internationale "L'avenir du numerique : entre promesses et incertitudes".
  16. Idem.
  17. Matériels et logiciels informatiques qui permettent de renforcer la cybersécurité (technologie blockchain, cryptographie cloud, Intelligence Artificielle défensive).
  18. Comme la DPA (l’Autorité de protection des données) dans l’UE ou la Privacy Office aux Etats-Unis.
  19. Dans ce sens, en 2019, la CNDP a demandé à Facebook de mettre en œuvre des data centers dans les pays que le Royaume juge sûrs et de créer un mécanisme qui permet de déposer plainte concernant l’atteinte à la vie privé, a l’image ou à l’éthique … pendant une réunion à Paris. Voir- CNDP 2019 // Communique de presse. - 11 20, 2019. - 04 16, 2024. - https://www.cndp.ma/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/CNDP-Commpresse-20-11-2019-Facebook-fr.pdf.
  20. Encyclopédie du marketing "Définitions Marketing". (2023), E-commerce. Consultée le 18/04/2024. https://www.definitions-marketing.com/definition/e-commerce/
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  23. Statista economy & politics international. "Global gross domestic product (GDP) at current prices from 1985 to 2028 (in billion US. dollars)". Consultée le 02 Octobre 2024 sur : https://www.statista.com/statistics/268750/global-gross-domestic-product-gdp/
  24. Statista E-commerce. "Total retail e-commerce revenue worldwide in 2023 by region". Consultée le 02 Octobre 2024 sur : https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1117851/worldwide-e-commerce-revenue-by-region
  25. Statista economy & politics international. "Global gross domestic product (gdp) at current prices from 1985 to 2028 (in billion U.S. dollars)". Consulté le 02 Octobre 2024 sur :  https://www.statista.com/statistics/268750/global-gross-domestic-product-gdp/
  26. Idem.
  27. Statista. Advertising & marketing."influencer marketing market size worldwide from 2016 to 2024 in billion U.S. dollars". Consulté le 02 Octobre 2024 sur : https://www.statista.com/statistics/1092819/global-influencer-market-size/
  28. Centre Monétique Interbancaire Rapport d’activité monétique. (2014). Page 2  https://www.cmi.co.ma/sites/default/files/monetique_marocaine_au_31_decembre_2014.pdf
  29. Centre Monétique Interbancaire Rapport d’activité monétique. Rapport d’activité monétique au 31 décembre 2022. Page 6 https://www.cmi.co.ma/sites/default/files/publication_documents/cmi_-_activite_monetique_marocaine_au_31_decembre_2022_compressed.pdf
  30. IBM Consulting. (2024), Thèmes, article "Qu’est-ce que l’IA générative ?". Consulté le 02 Octobre 2024 sur : Qu’est-ce que l’IA générative ? | IBM
  31. Cao, Y., Li, S., Liu, Y., Yan, Z., Dai, Y., Yu, P. S., & Sun, L. (2023). A comprehensive survey of ai-generated content (aigc): A history of generative ai from gan to chatgpt. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.04226. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.04226
  32. Architecture du deep learning qui utilise des réseaux neuronaux artificiels pour imiter le fonctionnement du cerveau humain.
  33. McKinsey. (2023), The economic potential of generative AI: The next productivity frontier report. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-economic-potential-of-generative-ai-the-next-productivity-frontier#introduction.
  34. Agence Marocaine de Presse (MAP). A San Francisco, Ghita Mezzour se réunit avec OpenAI, leader de l’Intelligence Artificielle [En ligne]. - 09 05 2024. - https://www.mapnews.ma/fr/actualites/monde/san-francisco-ghita-mezzour-se-r%C3%A9unit-avec-openai-leader-de-l%E2%80%99intelligence
  35. Castillo, Monica, (2023). Green jobs, green economy, just transition and related concepts: A review of definitions developed through intergovernmental processes and international organizations, Geneva: International Labour Office. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_883704.pdf
  36. Idem.
  37. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2023), Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2023. page 13. https://mc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2023/Sep/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2023.pdf?rev=4f65518fb5f64c9fb78f6f60fe821bf2
  38. Idem.
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  40. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2022), Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2022. page 8. https://www.irena.org//media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Sep/IRENA_Renewable_energy_and_jobs_2022.pdf?rev=7c0be3e04bfa4cddaedb4277861b1b61
  41. Ministère de la Transition Energétique et du Développement Durable – Maroc. Stratégie des Secteurs de l'Energie des Mines et de la Géologie https://mtedd.gov.ma/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&catid=25&Itemid=296&lang=ar
  42. . Ministry of Energy Transition and Sustainable Development - Morocco. Morocco 2050 Long Term Low Carbon Strategy https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/MAR_LTS_Dec2021.pdf
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  44. Revenus calculés en termes d'abonnements et de publicité.
  45. S&P Global. (2024), Article "Market Intelligence Streaming video revolution: Traditional media adapts to a digital shift". Consulté le 02 Octobre 2024 sur : https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/research/streaming-video-revolution-traditional-media-adapts-to-a-digital-shift
  46. Pew Reserach Center. (2021), article "Cable and satellite TV use has dropped dramatically in the U.S". Consulté le 02 Octobre 2024 sur : https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/03/17/cable-and-satellite-tv-use-has-dropped-dramatically-in-the-u-s-since-2015/.
  47. Raphael Leung, Martin Kretschmer and Bartolomeo Meletti. (2020), Research Report: Streaming Culture. Retrieved from. ISBN:978-1—13095-10-9
  48. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). (2011), Digital Music Report:
  49. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Industry (IFPI). (2019). A look at how recorded music is enjoyed around the world.
  50. Custom Market Insights. (2023), article Global Live Streaming Market 2024–2033 Consulté le 02 Octobre 2024. https://www.custommarketinsights.com/report/live-streaming-market/
  51. Sunergia Groupe. Article “Streaming au Maroc : le début de la fin pour la télévision ? “Consulté le 06 Mars 2024 sur : https://groupe-sunergia.com/market-insights/streaming-au-maroc-le-debut-de-la-fin-pour-la-television/.
  52. Bulletin Officiel 11 joumada II 1445 (25 décembre 2023), Direction Générale de Impôts https://www.finances.gov.ma/Publication/db/2023/BO_7259-bis_fr.pdf.
  1. Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés en France. (2024), Définition du Cloud Computing. Consulté le 12/06/2024 sur : https://www.cnil.fr/fr/definition/cloud-computing
  2. Statista. (2021), Tristan gaudiaut. Données numériques. "Le Big Bang du Big Data". https://fr.statista.com/infographie/17800/big-data-evolution-volume-donnees-numeriques-genere-dans-le-monde/
  3. Portail "MARKETS and MARKETS". (2023), article "CLOUD COMPUTING MARKET BY SERVICE MODEL (Iaas, PaaS, SaaS), Deployment Model (Public Cloud, Private Cloud, Hybrid Cloud), Organization Size, Vertical (BFSI, Telecommunications, Manufacturing, Retail & Consumer Goods) and Region - Global Forecast to 2028. https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/cloud-computing-market-234.html
  4. Market Analysis Report. (2022), Cloud Computing Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Service (Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service), By Deployment, By Workload, By Enterprise Size, By End-use, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2024 - 2030. Regional Insights. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/cloud-computing-industry
  5. Idem.
  6. MIT TECHNOLOGY & INFOSYS COBALT. The global cloud ecosystem index 2022. (2022). https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/MITTR-INFOSYS Cloud_Reort_FNL.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1LgGMak430HwmgV6C0qmXM_J6iTe3tg2eO9EZpa8rdIGhL7LuBXTu19sE.
  7. Futur Markets Insights. (2023), "Trends, Growth and Opportunity Analysis of Data Center Facility in Morocco". https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/trends-growth-and-opportunity-analysis-of-data-center-facility-in-morocco
  8. Portail gouvernemental “maroc.ma ’’. (2024), “La stratégie nationale de transition numérique 2030 vise à ériger le digital en levier du développement socioéconomique ’’.
  9. Au XIXème siècle, les nations européennes ont mis en œuvre la colonisation en utilisant trois méthodes de contrôle : politique, économique et social. Sur le plan politique, la puissance colonisatrice mettait en place des élites et des institutions complaisantes. Sur le plan économique, les colons exploitaient les ressources naturelles des pays qu'ils contrôlaient, comme le pétrole, les métaux précieux et le sucre. Sur le plan social, l'Europe mettait en place des "missions civilisatrices" pour diffuser son idéologie parmi les peuples colonisés.
  10. Anderson Christine (2021). Influence of the five biggest US tech companies (GAFAM) on people in European Member States [En ligne] // European Parliament. Consulté le 02 Octobre 2024 sur : https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2021000153_EN.html#def1.
  11. Faster Capital (2024). Article "How China's Tech Titans are Dominating the Market" consulté le 02 octobre 2024 sur : https://fastercapital.com/content/BATX-Stocks--How-China-s-Tech-Titans-are-Dominating-the-Market.html.
  12. Coleman, D. (2018). Digital colonialism: The 21st century scramble for Africa through the extraction and control of user data and the limitations of data protection laws. Mich. J. Race & L., 24, 417. https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol24/iss2/6
  13. IRES. IRES."FORUM" 2020 Actes des rencontres organisées par l'IRES [Online]. - https://www.ires.ma/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/IRES_FORUM_2020.pdf#page=21
  14. The World Bank. (2024), Digital Tranformation Drives Development in Africa. Article https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2024/01/18/digital-transformation-drives-development-in-afe-afw-africa
  15. IRES (2022). Conférence internationale "L'avenir du numerique : entre promesses et incertitudes".
  16. Idem.
  17. Matériels et logiciels informatiques qui permettent de renforcer la cybersécurité (technologie blockchain, cryptographie cloud, Intelligence Artificielle défensive).
  18. Comme la DPA (l’Autorité de protection des données) dans l’UE ou la Privacy Office aux Etats-Unis.
  19. Dans ce sens, en 2019, la CNDP a demandé à Facebook de mettre en œuvre des data centers dans les pays que le Royaume juge sûrs et de créer un mécanisme qui permet de déposer plainte concernant l’atteinte à la vie privé, a l’image ou à l’éthique … pendant une réunion à Paris. Voir- CNDP 2019 // Communique de presse. - 11 20, 2019. - 04 16, 2024. - https://www.cndp.ma/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/CNDP-Commpresse-20-11-2019-Facebook-fr.pdf.
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