IRES Intelligence Platform (IIP)

IRES Intelligence Platform (IIP)

ANNUAL SURVEY PAPER 2024

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Table of contents

ONLINE GAMBLING ADDICTION

  • 30/09/2024

Gambling addiction, also known as Ludopathy1, is a behavioral disorder that involves a persistent and uncontrollable desire to bet on the outcome of sporting events or to gamble, even in the face of unfavorable results. This practice stimulates the brain’s reward system in a similar way to addictive substances, impairing the afflicted person’s personal, family and professional development.

The advent of the Internet has further exacerbated this phenomenon by digitizing many forms of gambling, e.g. lotteries, sports betting, cards and dice, and eliminating the need to physically go to gambling venues (ticket offices, stores, casinos, etc.).

Today, the online sports betting market continues to expand globally, and this trend will likely persist in the foreseeable future. In 2028, the market is projected at $109 billion, up from $63 billion in 2023 2.

This growth raises concerns as to the impact of gambling on public health, underscoring the imperative for greater regulation of the gambling industry to adequately safeguard vulnerable individuals, particularly minors.

The number of gamblers in Morocco in 2021 is estimated at 3.3 million, 40% of whom are identified as excessive risk gamblers 3.

In recent years, leading industry players including “Marocaine Des Jeux et des Sports” (MDJS), the National Lottery, “Société Royale d’Encouragement du Cheval” (SOREC) and casinos report facing intense competition from offshore gambling sites, which attract some ten times the overall traffic of legal platforms.

Furthermore, sports betting regulations in Morocco do not extend to online bookmakers, exposing individuals to risks associated with engaging in offshore gaming and the security of their personal data.

In the same vein, the national addiction strategy for 2018-2022, drafted by the Ministry of Health, fails to fully account for addictive gambling behaviors. Added to this are social protection organizations that do not consider addictive behaviors as illnesses to be covered.

Faced with this situation, action should be envisaged to better supervise online gambling and combat addictive behavior, while raising players’ awareness of associated risks.

DECLINING MALE FERTILITY

  • 30/09/2024

Declining male fertility describes noticeable drops in semen sperm concentration, altered sperm motility, volume, morphology and vitality, as well as modified sperm pH, or a combination of any of these factors.

According to the World Health Organization 4,  infertility has affected approximately one in six people worldwide in recent decades. Studies, based on the exploration and measurement of male fertility criteria, show that average sperm concentration in the semen of the general male population fell from 99 to 47 million per milliliter in 1973-2011, a drop of roughly 53% 5.

This drop in fertility is attributable to a number of factors: environmental causes, such as exposure to harmful chemicals; modern lifestyles and stress; individual medical conditions, such as hormonal imbalances and infections; chemotherapy treatments 6 ;  genetic and individual predispositions 7.

Declining male fertility may have significant repercussions on demographic trends and the configuration of family structures. Tackling this issue is fundamental to ensuring the right of couples to start a family.

Declining male fertility is now a major public health issue in Morocco. A recent study of 1,265 infertile couples 8 showed that infertility was male in origin in 45.2% of cases. While infertility treatment for couples is standardized 9, “Plan Santé 2025” 10 does not appear to give specific attention to this issue, which is often still taboo for men.

Hence, the opportunity for holistic and effective measures to tackle declining male fertility, while at the same time raising public awareness of this issue.

RAMPANT PSEUDOSCIENCE

  • 30/09/2024

Pseudoscience refers to practices, methods and beliefs that use logical discourse, but fail to employ proper scientific methodology, and lack supporting evidence, plausibility or confirmed scientific status 11.

“False science” today relies on technological means that provide a broad and instantaneous distribution channel, including social networks. Widespread use of social media, made possible by ubiquitous internet access and smartphones, enables fake news to travel and spread swiftly worldwide, leaving users exposed to unreliable news and misinformation, as most social media platforms are under no obligation to verify the information they share.

The world also faced an unusual context in recent years, with a succession of crises: global warming, the Covid-19 pandemic, escalating armed conflicts, etc.

These crises provided a context where scientific truths, conspiracy theories* and subjective opinions intermingle, to create pseudoscientific narratives that increase confusion and, crucially, distrust of official information channels.

The intentional propagation of false information is now frequently used as a means of generating profits, influencing behavior or harming organizations and even states, by jeopardizing public order.

Fostering critical thinking and educating people in the use of social networks and the media are imperative to safeguard against threats emanating from pseudoscience.

Moroccan society is particularly vulnerable to pseudoscience, not least because of relatively high adult illiteracy rates – albeit on the decline – and cultural beliefs that predispose some citizens to accept all kinds of arguments, even the most unsound ones.

Morocco should therefore develop a legislative framework and a code of ethics governing the dissemination of information online, to actively address this challenging reality and enhance the resilience of Moroccan society in the face of misinformation.

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY

  • 30/09/2024

Occupational therapy* is a paramedical discipline that seeks to develop and optimize the ability of disabled patients to carry out daily activities independently, through personalized care, mobility assistance and communication support.

According to the World Health Organization, more than one billion people live with a disability 12, accounting for some 15% of global population. This proportion is forecast to grow as a result of ageing demographics and accelerating chronic illnesses.

Occupational therapy, a profession officially established in the late 20th century, is particularly widespread in Canada, the United States, Australia and France. In France, for instance, the number of occupational therapists has doubled in the past ten years 13. 

Occupational therapy draws on the development of bionic prosthesis technologies (robotic arms, artificial legs, bionic hands, walking robots, etc.), paving the way for new rehabilitative options. The cost of such devices, however, remains a major challenge.

Technological advances, including virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), also open up new rehabilitation options and approaches. Occupational therapists now seek to incorporate such advanced technologies into their practice, to enhance patient autonomy and quality of life.

Occupational therapy opens up new perspectives for better care of people with disabilities. It is essential that it be developed.

In Morocco, occupational therapy was introduced as a specialty at the “Institut de Formation des Cadres de Santé” (IFCS) in 2016. Physical therapy and rehabilitive medicine, however, have a substantial shortage of qualified occupational therapists, and this needs to be remedied. It is also critical to stay at the cutting edge of technological advances, in order to harness and benefit from new therapeutic practices.

LEGALIZATION OF CANNABIS

  • 30/09/2024

The legalization of cannabis* refers to the process by which the legislative or regulatory bodies of a country or region amend their laws to allow the legal use of cannabis, otherwise prohibited by narcotics legislation.

There are multiple reasons for legalizing cannabis, including economic benefits (additional tax revenues, job creation), social benefits (reduced crime, better management of drug-related problems) and medical benefits (medical and therapeutic use for a variety of pathologies).

According to a report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 219 million people worldwide used cannabis in 2023 14.

The degree and nature of legality of cannabis use varies considerably from one country to another. In Europe, 21 countries allow the medical use of cannabis, including Germany, which legalized it for recreational use in 2024.

In Africa, Lesotho authorized the cultivation of medical cannabis in 2017, followed by South Africa, which decriminalized personal use in 2018. Morocco, on the other hand, legalized the cultivation of cannabis for therapeutic purposes in March 2021. Other African countries, notably Eswatini, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Zambia and Zimbabwe, are considering legalizing cannabis to join the rapidly expanding international legal cannabis market.

The global medical cannabis market grew significantly over the past decade, notably in Europe and North America. It is projected to generate $56.7 billion by 2026 15.

Despite the economic potential, cannabis cultivation has significant environmental repercussions. Controlling environmental conditions alone demands energy requirements that can make up to 85% of the crop’s total carbon footprint16. Also, the expansion of cannabis-growing areas often comes at the expense of wooded areas, exacerbating deforestation 17.

Morocco is the world’s leading producer of cannabis 18. This crop, nicknamed “Kif”, has traditionally played a significant role in society. It is used in a range of sectors, including food (cereals), technology (lighting, textiles and paper) and medicine.

Following legalization in early 2021, Bill 13-21, passed in July 2021, created the “Agence Nationale de Réglementation des Activités relatives au Cannabis” (ANRAC). This agency is responsible for overseeing legal uses of cannabis and steering the national strategy in cultivation, production, processing and sales, primarily for medical, pharmaceutical and industrial uses. Only seeds certified by this Agency are accepted, thus excluding GMO seeds extensively employed elsewhere in the world.

2023 saw the first cannabis harvest legally cultivated under ANRAC control (294 metric tons). A number of initiatives have since sprung up in the Kingdom to exploit the full potential of cannabis. For example, a project to legally cultivate the “Beldia” endemic Moroccan strain is currently underway in Kétama, near Al Hoceima 19.

Developing the economic potential of cannabis nevertheless needs to consider environmental imperatives, notably in terms of combating deforestation and controlling the carbon footprint.

ONLINE GIG WORKERS

  • 30/09/2024

Online Gig Worker literally means an online worker paid by the task, operating as a freelancer to execute assignments subcontracted from client companies, via online platforms 20.

On-demand online work falls into two categories: simple, low-paying “micro-tasks”, open to all, and more elaborate projects, comparable to freelance work*, requiring specific skills.

According to a World Bank study, the number of online on-demand workers grew 9-fold in just 8 years, from 48 million workers in 2015 to 435 million in 2023, equivalent to over 10% of the global workforce 21.

Compounding this trend, the Covid-19 health crisis amplified the trend, manifest in the exceptional growth of freelance income worldwide in 2019-2020, notably, in three Asian countries: the Philippines (+208%), India (+160%) and Japan (+87%) 22 .

While developed countries still dominate the online job market, demand in developing countries grows faster, with the emergence of multiple local platforms. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region where this growth has been strongest: +130% in 2016-2020 23 .

Global distribution of online on-demand work platforms, by traffic volume

This new type of workplace, driven by widespread Internet access, opens up the labor market to a broader public, particularly young people aspiring to digital careers and those who have historically been marginalized.

Morocco has much to gain from tapping into this emerging trend, and promoting online on-demand work among its youth (32% of total population in 2021 aged 15 to 34) 24.

This requires an effective and incentivizing legal framework to drive young people towards this new form of employment. This would contribute, at least in part, to reducing unemployment.

On-demand online working would also provide young people, and particularly women, with greater freedom to organize their time, balancing personal and professional life, while letting them put skills to good use in a variety of activities and projects, irrespective of geographical constraints.

SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR

  • 30/09/2024

Sedentary behavior refers to any waking behavior with an energy expenditure below or equal to 1.5 metabolic equivalents* (METs), while sitting, reclining or lying down. Common sedentary behaviors include watching television, playing video games, using the computer, driving and reading 25.

Over the course of the past century, worker activity has shifted decisively towards more sedentar tasks 26. Transportation and the growing use of screens have also contributed to shaping an increasingly sedentary lifestyle.

In the same vein, the WHO estimates that 31% of the global population fails to engage in sufficient physical activity 27.

Worldwide, sedentary lifestyles are the fourth leading risk factor for non-communicable diseases, and the second most preventable risk factor after tobacco. According to WHO estimates 28, it is the main cause of 3.2 to 5 million deaths a year worldwide. Sedentary lifestyles are also responsible for around 27% of cases of diabetes, 30% of cases of ischemic heart disease and 21% to 25% of cases of breast and colon cancer.

A study published in 2020 29 suggests that high levels of sedentary behavior correlate negatively with cognitive function, depression, disability and quality of life.

To actively combat the growing sedentarity problem, we need to rethink modern lifestyles. Public spaces should be better adapted to active mobility (walking, cycling), workplaces should include and encourage the practice of sports, and the school system should increase the space and time devoted to physical and sporting activities.

In Morocco, according to a Ministry of Health study conducted in 2018 30, over 20% of the population fell short of WHO-recommended daily physical activity thresholds, with the proportions highest among urban residents, women and the elderly.

Steps should therefore be taken to promote physical activity and combat sedentary habits among Moroccans, through awareness-raising and prevention campaigns designed for different population segments, based on the WHO’s “Physical Activity and Sedentariness Guidelines” 31.

COGNITIVE OVERLOAD

  • 30/09/2024

Cognitive load refers to the load of information that working memory can process at any one time. Cognitive overload occurs when a task requires more cognitive resources than an individual has available, producing errors and requiring more time to complete 32.

The theory of cognitive load, formalized by John Sweller, identifies three types of cognitive load33:

  • Intrinsic: linked to task complexity.
  • Extrinsic: caused by the way the information is presented.
  • Essential: related to in-depth understanding of the task.

Cognitive load is based on the human information processing model, which distinguishes three types of memory: sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory. Of these, working memory is responsible for a host of cognitive functions, including attention, learning and reasoning.

However, the capacity of this memory is limited. It can process 5 to 9 items simultaneously, according to George A. Miller’s magic number 34 .This memory plays a crucial role in filtering and sorting information for storage in long-term memory.

Poor cognitive load management, through excessive or over-complex information, may lead to impaired performance and learning, errors and mental fatigue, thereby developing a state of cognitive overload, which correlates with a range of conditions, notably the individual’s expertise, input methods and disruptive mental states such as stress or anxiety 35.

In Morocco, taking cognitive load into account in education and training would help optimize learning by adapting teaching methods to learner abilities, thus promoting better assimilation of knowledge 36.

UPSKILLING

  • 30/09/2024

Upskilling refers to a process of upgrading and perfecting professional qualifications. Upskilling enables employees to improve skills in their current profession and field of activity 37.

According to the World Economic Forum, the 2020s should see an upsurge in Upskilling. Some 44% of workers’ current skill sets will be disrupted by 2030.

This disruption stems largely from the transformation of industry, driven in particular by Artificial Intelligence and other advanced text, image and voice processing technologies 38. By 2030, it is forecast that 23% of jobs worldwide will have changed as a result of these technological transformations 39.

Only 0.5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) is allocated to adult continuing education in 2024. Yet a recent study suggests that investment in training today’s workers would boost global GDP by $6.5 trillion by 2030 (or 6% of 2023 global GDP) 40.

Investing in an education geared towards future needs would generate a further USD 2,540 billion over the same period (i.e. 2% of 2023 global GDP). These figures illustrate the enormous economic potential of investing in lifelong learning to stimulate national economic growth.

Morocco should strive to harness upskilling to bridge workforce skills-gap, at a time of sweeping technological and other mutations.

The experience of Georgia could serve as an example. The country cut unemployment to an all-time low in 2022 41. This achievement is largely the result of the “Georgia Skills Accelerator” program 42. Launched in 2021, the program is based on solid public-private collaboration, designed to support skill acquisition and adaptation in selected economic sectors.

REFERENCES

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  5. Kortenkamp, A., Scholze, M., Ermler, S., Priskorn, L., Jørgensen, N., Andersson, A. M., & Frederiksen, H. (2022). Combined exposures to bisphenols, polychlorinated dioxins, paracetamol, and phthalates as drivers of deteriorating semen quality. Environment International, 165, 107322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107322.
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  1. Dominique Bilde, Sophie Montel, (25.06.2015). Article 130 du règlement. Question parlementaire (Parlement européen) avec demande de réponse écrite E-010347/15 à la Commission, Consulté le 1er octobre 2024, à partir de : https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2015-010347_FR.html
  2. Mordor Intelligence Research & Advisory, (Janvier 2024). Analyse de la taille et de la part du marché des paris sportifs en ligne – Tendances de croissance et prévisions (2024-2029). Mordor Intelligence. Consulté le 1er octobre 2024, à partir de : https://www.mordorintelligence.com/fr/industry-reports/online-sports-betting-market
  3. Rapport annuel du Conseil Economique, Social et Environnemental (2021), page 126
  4. Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, (04.04.2023), Communiqué de presse. Consulté le 1er octobre 2024, à partir de : https://www.who.int/fr/news/item/04-04-2023-1-in-6-people-globally-affected-by-infertility .
  5. Kortenkamp, A., Scholze, M., Ermler, S., Priskorn, L., Jørgensen, N., Andersson, A. M., & Frederiksen, H. (2022). Combined exposures to bisphenols, polychlorinated dioxins, paracetamol, and phthalates as drivers of deteriorating semen quality. Environment International, 165, 107322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107322.
  6. Société canadienne du Cancer. (Octobre, 2020), Article sur les troubles de fertilité, Consulté le 1er octobre 2024, à partir de : https://cancer.ca/fr/treatments/side-effects/fertility-problems.
  7. Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, (15 Septembre, 2020). Article sur l’Infertilité, Consulté le 1er octobre 2024. https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility
  8. Frikh, M., Benaissa, M., Kasouati, J., Benlahlou, Y., Chokairi, O., Barkiyou, M., Chadli, M., Maleb, A., & Elouennass, M. (2021). Prévalence de l´infertilité masculine dans un hôpital universitaire au Maroc [Prevalence of male infertility in a university hospital in Morocco]. The Pan African medical journal, 38, 46. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2021.38.46.19633.
  9. Ministère de la Santé (Maroc). (2016), Prise en charge de l'infertilité du couple. Guide pratique. https://www.sante.gov.ma/Publications/Guides-Manuels/Documents/2023/Guide%20Infertilit%C3%A9%20.pdf
  10. Plan Santé 2025, Bilan d’étape mai 2018 - mai 2019. (10 juin 2019), Ministère de la Santé au Maroc, Consulté le 1er octobre 2024 à partir de : https://www.sante.gov.ma/Documents/2019/06/Bilan%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tape%20DELM.pdf
  11. Sfetcu, Nicolae. (2015). Pseudoştiinţă ? Dincolo de noi… Lulu.com. ISBN: 9781312885899.
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