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Context / TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT MODEL
Lexicon
| Terms | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agile methodology | It characterizes an IT project management approach that promotes dialogue between all stakeholders: customers, users, developers and other project professionals, nexibility during implementation, ability to modify plans and speed of delivery. source: https://www.piloter.org> |
| Agroforestry | These are new or historical practices that combine trees, crops and/or animals in the same farming plot, on the edge or in the open field. These practices include agro-forestry systems, forestry-pastoral systems, meadow orchards (where animals graze under fruit orchards),..Association française d’agroforesterie. |
| Anthropocene | a term first coined in 2000 by Josef CRUTZEN and Eugene Stormer to describe the current geological era, marked by a major and growing impact of human activities on the earth and the atmosphere at all scales, including on the planet as a whole. The two researchers proposed the end of the 18th Century as the starting point for this new era, a period that coincides with early findings of the effect of human activities on the environment and also with the beginning of the industrial revolution. Source: (131) Crutzen, Josef & Stoermer, Eugene, “The “Anthropocene”, Global Change Newsletter nº 41, 2000, pp. 17-18. |
| Call of the 700 | In view of the inaction on the impacts of climate change, 700 French scientists wrote an article on the climate emergency published in the newspaper “Libération” on September 7, 2018, to urge French public authorities to take action and to move towards a carbon-free society. Source:https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/09/07/rechauffement-climatique-nous-en-appelons-aux-decideurs-politiques_1677176 |
| Artificial intelligence | Artificial intelligence is the implementation of a number of techniques to enable machines to imitate a form of real intelligence. The concept of artificial intelligence, which dates back to the 1950s, was introduced by the mathematician “Alan Turing”. source: https://www.futura-sciences.com |
| Associations to Maintain Peasant Farming (AMAP) | A partnership between a group of consumers and a farm, based on a “basket” distribution system made up of the farm’s products. It is a solidarity-driven contract, based on a financial commitment from consumers, who pay in advance for a part of production over a period determined by type of production and geographical location. source: https://www.actu-environnement.com |
| Bank solvency | refers to a bank’s financial strength, measured mainly by the amount of equity capital that determines its ability to cope with potential risks associated with its activities. Source: https://www.lafinancepourtous.com |
| Biocapacity | The biocapacity of a given biologically productive area refers to its ability to generate a continuous supply of renewable resources and absorb the waste resulting from consumption. Source: www.greenfacts.org |
| Biomimicry | This concept refers to engineering inspired by living things. It refers to a process of innovation and engineering that is inspired by the forms, materials, properties, processes and functions of living organisms. Source: https://www.futura-sciences.com |
| Bioremediation | A process that uses living organisms to degrade contaminants harmful to the environment present in polluted environments (soil, water, etc.) in order to transform them into non-toxic compounds. In other words, it is a process used to clean up soil. source: https://www.france-science.org |
| Biotechnology | Refers to the application of science and technology to living organisms and their components. It involves altering living or non-living materials to produce knowledge, goods and services. Source: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) |
| Blue Economy | covers two distinct concepts. The first meaning of blue economy is derived from the concept forged by Belgian entrepreneur Gunther Pauli, founder of the ZERI Foundation (Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives) at the United Nations University in 1994. The “blue” is opposed here to a “red” economy based on the excessive and inconsistent exploitation of natural resources, but also intends to go beyond the achievements of the green economy and related circular economy in terms of quality. It is no longer a question of polluting less, but of not polluting at all. The second meaning of the blue economy refers to the economic opportunities provided by the marine environment, much like the green economy. The name “blue” refers to its marine specificity: it refers to all the sustainable economic activities associated with seas and oceans. These opportunities are thus characterized by renewable marine energies, Biotechnologies*, strategic minerals located on the seabed, aquaculture and fisheries, tourism, or environmental protection. source: https://www.novethic.fr |
| Brownfield | This term was originally used in construction and development to refer to land occupied at a given time by a permanent structure. Nowadays, this term is used in many industries, including software development, to mean the start of a project based on previous work or the reconstruction of a product from an existing product. source: https://www.webopedia.com |
| Carbon economy | An economic model based on low energy consumption, as well as a reduction in pollution and emissions. Source: (161) Word economic forum. http://reports.weforum.org |
| Climate change performance index | This index is an instrument that is intended to improve transparency in international climate policy. Its objective is to exert political and social pressure on countries that have so far failed to adopt ambitious measures for climate protection, as well as to highlight the best climate practices of some countries. Based on standardized criteria, the index assesses and compares the climate protection performance of 58 countries which are collectively responsible for more than 90% of global energy-related CO2 emissions. 80% of the assessment is based on objective indicators of emission trends and levels, and 20% is based on national and international assessments of each country’s climate policy by over 200 experts. Source: https://germanwatch.org/en/CCPI> |
| Climate-smart agriculture | This approach defines the measures needed to transform and redirect agricultural systems in order to effectively support agricultural development and ensure food security in response to climate change. Source: Organisation des Nations unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) |
| Cloud | In French “l’informatique en nuage”, consists of using remote computer servers through a network, usually the Internet, to store data or use it.. Source: (142)https://www.lebigdata.fr |
| Cloudification | The term generally refers to traditional applications that have migrated from local installations on users’ computers to equivalent web-based applications. (143) |
| Cognitive computing | This involves self-learning systems that use data mining, pattern recognition and natural language processing to try to reproduce the way the human brain works. Source: https://whatis.techtarget.com/fr/definition/Informatique-cognitive |
| Collaboration | Refers to the act by which several individuals or work groups seek to carry out a task or project together source: https://whatis.techtarget.com |
| Community management of commons | Refers to an awareness of the limits of both market-based regulation and public management of goods and services. This principle consists in choosing a hierarchical level of policy execution which minimizes economic costs and maximizes social wellbeing. Source: Pierre Calame, Gestion des communs et œconomie, 2015. https://journals.openedition.org/ethiquepublique/2268 |
| Conference-consensus | Participatory mechanisms designed to allow citizens to express their views on science or technology policy issues. Initiated in Denmark, they have spread to other countries since the 1990s in response to the growing debate on technologies and their impacts. source: http://base.d-p-h.info/fr/fiches/dph/fiche-dph-7721.html> |
| Consolidation | Agrouping of parcels of land together to form a single agricultural estate. (218) |
| Consultation | A method of administration or governance in which citizens are consulted in order to debate and contribute to a project. It includes a dimension of continuity and monitoring during the development of the project. It enables opposing views to be shared, and it allows for participation. source: http://revesurbains.fr |
| Coopetition | a collaboration* or an occasional or opportunistic cooperation between different economic players which are competitors (148 |
| Corporate social and environmental responsibility (CSER) | The responsibility of an organization to address the impacts of its decisions and activities on society and the environment, renected in ethical and transparent behavior that contributes to sustainable development*, including the health and well-being of society ; takes into account stakeholders’ expectations ; respects current laws and is in line with international standards of behavior and is mainstreamed across the organization and implemented in its relations with stakeholders.source: International Organisation for Standardisation. |
| Corruption Perception Index (CPI) | Published by Transparency International, this index ranks countries according to the degree of perceived corruption in public administrations and the political class. The CPI is a composite index, aggregating survey data. The score of 100 indicates no corruption and the score of 0 indicates systematic corruption.source: |
| Crispr-Cas9 | Refers to a set of molecules that allow the DNA of plants and animals to be modified with great precision. It is a new, simple, fast and emcient system for cutting DNA at a specific location in the genome, in any cell. Source: https://www.futura-sciences.com> |
| Cuvier’s Gazelle | A species of gazelle from North Africa and the Sahara. It was named after the scientist Georges Cuvier. It is an endangered species, according to the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. (171) |
| Dark Age | The “Dark Ages” is a historical period, traditionally referring to the Middle Ages, during which it is claimed that a demographic, cultural and economic deterioration occurred in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire. Source: Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989 |
| Data analytics | A science of examining raw data to draw conclusions. It is used in many industries to enable companies and organizations to make better decisions. In the field of research, it is used to test theories or to refute existing models. Source: https://www.lebigdata.fr> |
| Deep learning | A type of artificial intelligence derived from machine learning where the machine is able to learn by itself, unlike programming where it simply executes predetermined rules to the letter. Source:https://www.futura-sciences.com/tech/definitions/intelligence-artificielle-deep-learning-17262/ |
| Democracy index | Created in 2006 by The Economist Intelligence Unit, this index aims to assess the state of democracy in 167 countries. Its calculation is based on 60 criteria grouped into five categories: the electoral process and pluralism, civil liberties, the functioning of government, political participation and political culture. The rating is based on a scale from 0 to 10 and, based on this rating, countries are ranked into four regimes: democratic, imperfect democratic, hybrid or authoritarian. source: https://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index> |
| Design thinking | An approach to innovation and innovation management that combines analytical and intuitive thinking. It is largely based on a co-creativity process involving end-user feedback. Source: McKim, Robert H., Experiences in visual thinking, Monterey (U.S.A), Brooks/Cole, 1972, 171 p. |
| Digital detox | A US-born concept that involves disconnecting from your screens (smartphone, tablet, computer) to better reconnect with yourself. Source: Oxford dictionary (British & World English). |
| Digital Evolution Index | Index developed by Mastercard, in partnership with Fletcher School. It measures the degree of adoption of technology by government and society and the state of digital trust. It is a global, data-based assessment of progress in the global digital economy, combining more than 100 indicators grouped around four key factors: digital supply conditions, digital demand conditions, institutional environment and innovation. This index also highlights the evolving nature of risks arising from continued dependence on digital technology. source: https://www.mastercard.us/en-us/governments/insights-research/digital-evolution-index.html |
| Digitalization | The process by which an object, tool, process or profession is transformed into computer code in order to replace it and make it more emcient. Source: https://www.alphalives.com |
| Digitization | This term, in computer science, refers to the action of digitizing or representing information through numbers. Source: https://www.universalis.fr |
| Disinformation | A set of communication techniques designed to mislead people or public opinion to protect interests (private or not) or innuence public opinion.source: https://www.universalis.fr |
| e-Madina | A Smart Cities Cluster that works to make Casablanca more attractive, emcient and competitive for businesses, citizens and visitors through public-private-citizen partnerships and through the use of technology. Source: |
| Ecological footprint | Concept that calculates the area of land and water needed to support a given human population, based on the population’s needs for water, energy, food, building materials and other consumer goods. This accounting indicator is particularly useful for identifying the impacts of human consumption on the planet’s resources.source: www.greenfacts.org |
| Ecosystem services | These are the benefits, both tangible and intangible, that humans derive from ecosystems. Ecosystem services renect the interactions between biodiversity, ecological dynamics, land use and land management priorities set by local stakeholders and policy makers. source: Adeline BIERRY, Fabien QUÉTIER, Florence BAPTIST, Lucie WEGENER et Sandra LAVOREL, “Apports potentiels du concept de services écosystémiques au dialogue territorial”. Sciences Eaux et Territoires, 2015. |
| Employee of individual employers | A person who works in or near the private home of an individual for non-profit purposes and who carries out family or household work. This includes, for example, a nursery assistant, a home-based childcare provider, a gardener, etc. source: https://travail-emploi.gouv.fr |
| Etats généraux (Estates General) | In the political system of the Kingdom of France, the Estates General of the Kingdom (or Etats-Généraux) were an extraordinary assembly bringing together the three orders of society: the nobility, the clergy and the third state. They were convened by order of the King in exceptional circumstances (political or financial crisis, war or major diplomatic question. source: https://www.larousse.fr |
| Exponential companies (Exo) | An exponential company is one whose impact is 10 times greater than that of its peers, thanks to the use of new organizational methods and digitalization*. Source: Exponential in “Organizations : Why new organizations are ten times better, faster, and cheaper than yours (and what to do about it”, 2014 |
| Exponential growth | Growth means an increase in a quantity. In the case of exponential growth, the increase is not only there, but it grows over time. Growth is therefore increasingly rapid. Source: https://fr.khanacademy.org/math/algebra2/exponential-growth-and-decay-alg-2/distinguishing-between-linear-and-exponential-growth/e/distinguish-between- linear-and-exponential-growth-from-tables |
| Exponential technologies | For Neil Jacobstein, senior expert in artificial intelligence*, the concept of exponential technologies refers to technologies whose performance doubles every 18 to 24 months, such as artificial intelligence*, robotics, synthetic biology and nanotechnologies. These technologies are advancing so rapidly that entrepreneurs are unable to integrate them into their thinking and strategies. source: https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2014/11/01/singularity-university-les-technologies-exponentielles_4516371_4408996.html> |
| Favela | A term whose origin comes from the fava: the bean that was the staple food of the poor. The favela (slum) is a predominantly residential area occupied by a population with a very low income. It is characterized by unregulated constructions, in non-compliance with legal standards, lack of urban infrastructure and public services, with narrow streets and uneven alignment, and irregular shaped and sized lots. source: Art 147 – Loi Municipale – Plan Directeur Décennal (définition omcielle de la mairie de Rio de Janeiro). Traduction : Maéva BAUDOIN. |
| Feedback Management | This concept generally refers to all the devices that aim to measure customer satisfaction and/or feedback following an interaction (support call, point of sale visit, service, etc.). Source: https://www.definitions-marketing.com/definition/feedback-management/ |
| Fog computing | “Fog computing” enables the provision of data storage, analysis and computation services, while promoting greater proximity to users and a denser geographical distribution. Source: https://www.directioninformatique.com |
| Footloose industries | Industries that can be established in any location, without affecting their supply or production. This is particularly the case for companies that produce computer circuits. Source: https://www.definitions.net/definition/footloose+industry |
| Generic development model | A model built on new economic and human fundamentals and based on four pillars (two structural and two instrumental) : humans’ place at the heart of development ; mankind’s relationship with nature ; planetarization, i.e. the combination of the local and the global within a new perspective of “glocalization*” ; exponentiality with processes that are not “adapted” to digitalization* but rethought for real “digital optimization”. IRES |
| Gig economy | literally means the economy of small jobs. It is a free market system in which people have temporary jobs and perform different tasks. Under this system, organizations hire self-employed workers for short-term assignments. Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org |
| Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration | the first ever global agreement by the United Nations on a common approach to international migration in all its dimensions. It was formally adopted on December 19, 2018 in Marrakech by the United Nations General Assembly. This text aims to ensure better protection of migrants at the international level, while preserving the sovereignty of States over their migration policy. Unlike a treaty, its legal scope is not binding. source: https://www.un.org/fr/conf/migration/global-compact-for-safe-orderly-regular-migration.shtml |
| Global natural phenomena | Natural events that can be observed in nature, without any human interaction being involved. Natural phenomena are obvious or measurable. They are due to natural causes. Source: https://www.aquaportail.com/ |
| Globish | a simplified version of English using only the most common words and expressions in the language. Source: Jean-Paul Nerrière, “le Globish, l’anglais sumsant pour briller en toute situation”, Eyrolles, 2004, 26 p. |
| Glocalisation | French translation of an English neologism that stems from the fusion of two concepts that appear to be in opposition: “globalization” and “localization”. The term was coined in the 1980s to describe “global” (global) products in a local market. It was sociologist Roland Robertson who popularized the concept, emphasizing the importance of “global thinking and local action” in the 1990s. source: https://www.sites.univ-rennes2.fr |
| Granularity | The notion of granularity defines the size of the smallest, finest element of a system. When you get down to the granular level of a system, you can no longer break down the information. For example, in a population, granularity is the individual. In computing, granularity is the smallest part of a data set. The granularity of a decision refers to the aggregation and filtering of information as it moves upwards, and the disaggregation and distribution of information as it moves downwards. source: https://www.cerema.fr/fr/innovation-recherche/recherche/projets/granularite-niveaux-pilotage-gestion-crise-genepi |
| Hinterland | The term “Hinterland” comes from German and refers to the area of innuence and economic attraction of a port, i.e. the area that a port supplies or from which it draws its resources. Source: https://www.glossaire-international.com |
| Human Library | An international organization and movement that began in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2000. It aims to correct people’s prejudices by helping them talk to people they would not normally meet. Source: https://humanlibrary.org/> |
| Industrial ecology | A recent concept and practice of environmental management aimed at limiting the impact of industry on the environment. Based on an analysis of material and energy nows, industrial ecology seeks to have a global approach to industrial systems by representing them as an ecosystem and making them compatible with natural ecosystems.source: http://isfie.onefireplace.com/resources/Documents/Strategies_For_Manufacturing_Sci_American_1989.pdf |
| Industrial revolution | All the phenomena that, from the 18th Century onwards, have been associated with the transformation of the modern world through the development of capitalism, production techniques and the means of communication. Source: https://www.larousse.fr |
| Influencers | An innuencer is an individual who, through his or her status, position or media exposure, can innuence consumer behavior in a given field. Source: https://www.directioninformatique.com |
| Information and communication technologies | covers a wide range of services, applications, technologies, equipment and software, i.e. all the tools needed to create, record, process and disseminate information. Source: https://www.universalis.fr/ |
| Islamic Finance | Islamic finance is a form of finance which operates according to the principles of Shariâ. Fairness, equity and transparency are the main values underlying this financial system. Source: https://www.journaldunet.fr |
| Khetara | A traditional irrigation system that consists of harnessing the water table through a type of underground drain made up of a succession of interconnected wells.source: Base de données lexicographiques panfrancophones. |
| Leapfrog | the concept of a “frog jump” is used in many fields of economy and business and was originally developed in the field of industrial organization and economic growth. It is used as a development theory for developing countries in the context of sustainable development*, to refer to skipping some steps to accelerate development by ignoring lower, less emcient, more expensive or more polluting technologies and industries and moving directly to more advanced technologies. source: https://educalingo.com/fr/dic-en/leapfrogging |
| Living labs | In order to promote innovative developments, a given area can be designated as a “living laboratory”. It is, therefore, a space for co-creation and open innovation, allowing collaboration* between users, public and private stakeholders, associations and researchers in order to test innovative products and services in real conditions. source: Seppo Leminen, Mika Westerlund, and Anna-Greta Nyström, Living Labs as Open-Innovation Networks, Technology InnovationManagement |
| Local exchange systems | A local exchange system is a system that operates in various French regions and involves the exchange of services or products within a group. This allows members to share their know-how or skills. Source: https://www.futura-sciences.com |
| Locavore | locavorism or locavore movement is a movement advocating the consumption of food produced within a radius of 100 to 250 kilometers maximum around one’s home. “Locavore” means to eat locally : “Loca” (local) and “vore” (to eat). Source: https://www.mangeons-local.bz |
| Make sense | is an international community dedicated to solving social and environmental challenges. It is a horizontal, dynamic and expanding ecosystem that brings together citizens, entrepreneurs and organizations. Suorce: https://makesense.org> |
| Millennials | Also known as Generation Y, includes all people born between 1980 and 2000 in the West. Source: Petit Larousse 2019 |
| Misinformation | new information that is intentionally incorrect. Source: https://www.universalis.fr/dictionnaire |
| Moonshot | Refers to an ambitious, exploratory and innovative project, undertaken without any prospect of profitability or short-term benefits. This type of project could be carried out without a full analysis of the potential risks and benefits. Google has used the term “moonshot” to describe its most innovative projects, many of which come from Google X, the company’s semi-secret laboratory.source: https://whatis.techtarget.com |
| Moore’s Law | Empirical law based on findings by Gordon E. Moore. In 1965, the man who was one of the co-founders of Intel Corporation drew a curve of changes in the size and price of microprocessors. He then realized that, at equal cost, their complexity doubled every year. In 1975, he stated that it is the number of transistors that doubles every two years. He predicted that this growth would continue at this rate until 2015, when it would be limited by the size of the atoms. History has proven him right: between 1971 and 2001, the density of transistors actually doubled 1.96 times per year. Since 2014, the slowdown announced in adjustments to Moore’s Law in 1997 has been observed. IT industry players are still using this law to anticipate the power of future computers. source: https://www.journaldunet.fr |
| Multilevel governance | A recent concept born of the intersection of political science theories and public action analysis. The theory of multi-level governance is a continuous system of negotiations between various overlapping governments at several levels. Source: Gary Marks, Liesbeth Hooghe et Kermit Blank, “European Integration from the 1980s: State-centric vs Multi-level Governance”, Debates on European Integration, Macmillan Education UK, 2006, p. 357-377 |
| Mushrooms on coffee grounds | This involves growing mushrooms at home, using coffee grounds, which are known to be a very nutrient-rich substrate. Source: https://www.futura-sciences.com |
| Nomophobia | This term, in English “no mobile phone”, refers to the fear or worry felt at the thought of being without a mobile phone or being unable to use it. Source: https://www.futura-sciences.com |
| On-demand economy | focuses on the “on-demand” – i.e. immediate and demand-led – supply of goods and services. Source: Word economic forum. |
| Organic farming | organic farming is a production method that is original in that it uses farming and livestock practices that are mindful of the need to respect nature’s balance. It therefore excludes the use of synthetic chemicals, genetically modified organisms and limits the use of inputs. source: https://agriculture.gouv.fr |
| Outcome economy | Phase of the market economy in which competition between companies no longer focuses on the sale of goods and services but on the provision of measurable outcomes in accordance with consumer expectations. This is a more complex production method since it involves a thorough knowledge of consumer needs and a real-time assessment of outcomes. This evolution is made possible by digitalization* and increasing interpenetration between the physical and virtual worlds. The key feature of the outcome economy is pay-per-use, thanks to the widespread interconnection of ecosystems, but also to the development of platforms. source: (Word economic forum. |
| Participation | refers to the participation of citizens in political decision-making. Source: Michel Callon, Pierre Lascoumes, Yannick Barthe, «Agir dans un monde incertain», Seuil, 448 p, 2014 |
| Participatory democracy | A vision of democracy that gives citizens an active role in political decision-making. It is based on four pillars: collective determination, capacity building and the provision of economic and social services, the development and strengthening of interconnections between stakeholders and institutions, and replacing unequal power relations with shared authority. source: Menser, Michael, We Decide ! Theories and cases in participatory democracy, Philadelphie, Temple University Press, 2018. |
| Peer-to-peer or P2P | distribute and receive data or a file. In this type of network, comparable to the client-server network, each client becomes a server itself. P2P allows several computers to communicate with each other via a network. Source: https://www.journaldunet.fr/web-tech/dictionnaire-du-webmastering/1203399-p2p-peer-to-peer-definition-traduction-et-acteurs/ |
| Permaculture | this form of agriculture aims to draw inspiration from nature to develop synergy in agricultural systems based on crop diversity, resilience and natural productivity. Source: https://e-rse.net |
| Planned obsolescence | it was in 1932, in a crisis-stricken economy, that the concept was used for the first time. American real estate developer Bernard London talks about “imposed obsolescence” to stimulate industry and growth. According to Brooks Stevens, an American industrial designer who died in 1995, “our entire economy is based on planned obsolescence (…). We make good products, we push people to buy them, and then the next year we deliberately introduce something that will make these products outdated, outdated, obsolete. We do this for an obvious reason: to earn money. source: Qu’est-ce que l’obsolescence programmée ?, le Figaro, 2017. |
| Polluter-pays principle | Adopted in 1972 by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and in 1986 by the European Economic Community (EEC), the polluter-pays principle (PPP) aims to internalize hidden environmental costs in the economy. It stipulates that the costs of prevention, pollution prevention, reduction, clean-up and restoration must be borne by the polluter causing the incident. source: https://www.futura-sciences.com |
| Positive Planet | a non-governmental organization (NGO), created in 1998 by Jacques Attali to promote growth and fight poverty by enabling the most vulnerable populations to become self-sumcient and to pass on a better world to future generations through entrepreneurship. Source: http://positiveplanetfoundation.org/ |
| Progressive capitalism | In a new essay entitled “People, Power and Profits” published in April 2019, Joseph Stiglitz argues for a progressive capitalism that, through stronger state interventionism and democratic control of corporate action, reduces inequalities, invests in health and education, regulates the financial sector more effectively and provides a better framework for globalization. source: https://www.nytimes.com |
| Public power | it refers to the administrative expression of power, as a political reality. This definition points to the legitimate power of coercion exercised by the State, and the means of action available to a government to achieve its objectives. Source: Jean Rivero, Dictionnaire de Droit Administratif |
| Pure-Player | this concept refers to a company operating in a single industry sector. However, the term has become more popular as it refers to companies that operate solely on the Internet, particularly paperless information websites. Source: https;/ Actufinance.fr/ |
| Ramsar Convention | adopted on 2 February 1971, this convention aims to conserve and sustainably use wetlands and to prevent their present and future degradation or loss, while recognizing their ecological functions and their economic, cultural, scientific and recreational value. source: https://www.ramsar.org |
| Service d‘Entraide et de Liaison (SEL) | A Protestant international solidarity association that aims to improve the living conditions of people experiencing poverty in developing countries. Source: https://www.selfrance.org/ |
| Shaping things | Bruce Sterling imagines the future of consumer goods, with the convergence of several new technologies that will radically transform their very nature. He thinks that objects will no longer be just a simple inert mass, and also imagines the possibility of retracing the history of their evolution in time and space, from their conception, through their use, to their destruction and recycling. Source: Bruce Sterling, 2009, “Objets Bavards: l’avenir par l’objet”, Paris, Pearson, Innovation, PEARSON, 144 p. |
| Sharing Economy | focuses on sharing underutilized assets, whether monetized or not, to improve their emciency and sustainability while helping to strengthen communities.Source: Word economic forum. |
| Smartization (of the city) | A concept that refers to the use of technology to improve the quality of life of the city’s inhabitants. Source: https://lesclesdedemain.lemonde.fr/dossiers/le-smart-vers-une-mode-de-l-intelligence-_f-172.html |
| Social elevator | term used to describe social mobility, i.e. changes in the social status of individuals or social groups over time. Source: Larousse |
| Socio-economics | A mixture of economics and sociology. It aims to combine the tools of economics with those of sociology in order to examine the economic evolution of societies. Source: Jean GADREY, “Socio-économie des services”, La Découverte, Collection : Repères, 128p. 2003 |
| Soft power | A concept developed by the American professor Joseph Nye, used in international relations. It refers to the power of innuence, persuasion, of an entity, for example a State, over another actor. An innuence that is carried out by non-coercive means, without any constraints whatsoever. Suorce: https://www.glossaire-international.com/pages/tous-les-termes/soft-power.html |
| Subsidiarity | This principle, introduced into European law by the Maastricht Treaty (1992) and enshrined by the Lisbon Treaty (2007) as a fundamental principle of the European Union, alongside the principles of attribution and proportionality (Article 5), has been designed to bring decision-making spheres closer to citizens and avoid distancing them from power spheres. Source: https://www.glossaire-international.com |
| Sustainable agriculture | The application of the principles of sustainable development* to agriculture. The aim is therefore to ensure the production of food, wood and fiber while complying with the ecological, economic and social limits for sustainable production over time. It does not compromise the integrity of persons and living beings. Sustainable agriculture limits the use of pesticides that can be harmful to the health of farmers and consumers and aims to protect biodiversity. Source: https://www.actu-environnement.com |
| Sustainable development | Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Source: Commission des Nations Unies sur l’Environnement et le Développement. Rapport Brundtland: Notre avenir à tous, 1987 |
| System interoperability | A computer term for systems that can adapt and collaborate with other independent systems that already exist or are yet to be created. This compatibility capability makes it easier to create a network and transfer data from different programs. Source: https://www.journaldunet.fr |
| Territory Project | A document by which a community defines its future in terms of development and social cohesion, urban planning and development, transport and housing, urban policy, environmental policy and resource management. It sets out the actions that will ensure development and homogeneous planning of the territory. Source: http://paysdaubagne.fr/quest-ce-quun-projet-de-territoire |
| Unicorns | The term unicorn, coined in 2013 by Alien LEE, an American venture capitalist, is used to describe a startup, mainly from Silicon Valley, valued at more than a billion dollars. Sourcce: http://fortune.com/2015/01/22/the-age-of-unicorns/ |
| Unsustainable development model | Development is said to be unsustainable when society’s ability to produce well-being is inconsistent and compromises the ability of future generations since damage to natural capital is, at least to some extent, irreversible.Source: Ballet Jérôme, Dubois Jean-Luc, Mahieu François-Régis, «La soutenabilité sociale du développement durable : de l’omission à l’émergence», Mondes en développement, 2011/4 (n°156), p. 89-110. DOI : 10.3917/med.156.0089. |
| Upcycling | “resyslage par le haut ou le haut” in French, refers to the action of recovering materials or products that are no longer in use in order to transform them into materials or products of superior quality or utility. In other words, “recycling from above” is about transforming waste and giving it a new life that is better than the previous one. Source: https://www.consoglobe.com |
| Vascular plants | these are plants that have vessels used for water circulation. These are plants with stems, leaves and roots in which water from the roots circulates through the plant, allowing them to reach large sizes. Source: |
| Vertical farms | An alternative form of urban farming to feed city dwellers, thanks to ecological towers. Source: Dickson Despommier, “Fermes verticales: nourrir le monde au 21ème siècle”, 2010 |
| Virality | fast and unpredictable distribution of content on the Internet through relays that are often free, most often social networks. Source: https://digit-com.net |
| XaaS : | The acronym XaaS stands for “Everything-as-a-Service”. This term refers to the different models of cloud computing “as a service”. The term was coined following the emergence of many cloud computing services such as SaaS (software as a service), PaaS (platforms as a service) or IaaS (infrastructures as a service). In general, the benefits of XaaaS are the same as those of cloud computing in general. Source: https://www.lebigdata.fr |
| ZERO Mika LAW | law 77-15, which entered into force on July 1, 2016, prohibiting the manufacture, import, export, marketing and use of plastic bags. Source: Secrétariat d’Etat chargé du développement durable |
| 3D Printing : | 3D Printing : 3D printing, also called additive manufacturing, is the process of creating physical objects by superimposing different layers of material, based on a digital model. Source: https://www.autodesk.fr |